Abstract
It has long been accepted that high concentrations of glutamate can destroy neurons,and this is the basis of the theory of excitotoxicity during brain injury such as stroke.Glutamate N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA)receptor antagonists such as Selfotel,Aptiganel,Gavestinel and others failed to show neuroprotective efficacy in human clinical trials or produced intolerable central nervous system adverse effects.The failure of these agents has been attributed to poor studies in animal models and to poorly designed clinical trials.We also speculate that NMDA receptor anatagonism may have hindered endogenous mechanisms for neuronal survival and neuroregeneration.It remains to be proven in human stroke whether NMDA receptor antagonism can be neuroprotective.
Keywords: Ischemic Stroke, D-aspartate, glutamate, Aptiganel
Current Molecular Medicine
Title: The Rise and Fall of NMDA Antagonists for Ischemic Stroke
Volume: 4 Issue: 2
Author(s): L. Hoyte, P. A. Barber, A. M. Buchan and M. D. Hill
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ischemic Stroke, D-aspartate, glutamate, Aptiganel
Abstract: It has long been accepted that high concentrations of glutamate can destroy neurons,and this is the basis of the theory of excitotoxicity during brain injury such as stroke.Glutamate N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA)receptor antagonists such as Selfotel,Aptiganel,Gavestinel and others failed to show neuroprotective efficacy in human clinical trials or produced intolerable central nervous system adverse effects.The failure of these agents has been attributed to poor studies in animal models and to poorly designed clinical trials.We also speculate that NMDA receptor anatagonism may have hindered endogenous mechanisms for neuronal survival and neuroregeneration.It remains to be proven in human stroke whether NMDA receptor antagonism can be neuroprotective.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Hoyte L., Barber A. P., Buchan M. A. and Hill D. M., The Rise and Fall of NMDA Antagonists for Ischemic Stroke, Current Molecular Medicine 2004; 4 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524043479248
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524043479248 |
Print ISSN 1566-5240 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5666 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Improves Cognitive Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Blockade of Phosphodiesterase-III Protects Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Endothelial Cells by Upregulation of VE-Cadherin
Current Neurovascular Research Retraction Notice: The Benefits and Risks of Different Therapies in Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Thyroid Surgery
Current Drug Safety Interleukin-1 Drives Cerebrovascular Inflammation via MAP Kinase-Independent Pathways
Current Neurovascular Research A New Combined Therapeutic Strategy of Governor Vessel Electro-Acupuncture and Adult Stem Cell Transplantation Promotes the Recovery of Injured Spinal Cord
Current Medicinal Chemistry Harvesting New Therapeutic Avenues with Stem Cell Applications
Current Neurovascular Research Regulation of Electrolyte Permeability by Herbal Monomers in Edematous Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Oxidative Stress: Apoptosis in Neuronal Injury
Current Alzheimer Research Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Anti-VEGF Drugs After Intravitreal Injection
Current Drug Metabolism Blood-brain Barrier Drug Discovery for Central Nervous System Infections
Current Drug Targets - Infectious Disorders Permeating the Blood Brain Barrier and Abrogating the Inflammation in Stroke: Implications for Stroke Therapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Vagus nerve stimulation in treating depression: A tale of two stories.
Current Molecular Medicine Clinical Observation of Electroencephalographic Changes and Risk of Convulsion Occurrence in Children Receiving Neural Precursor Cell Transplantation
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Recent Advances in the Development of Selective Ligands for the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Cellular and Biochemical Actions of Melatonin which Protect Against Free Radicals: Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Current Neuropharmacology Lipid Modulation of Intravascular and Cellular Sodium Handling:Mechanistic Insights and Potential Clinical Implications
Current Vascular Pharmacology Synthetic and Natural Coumarins as Cytotoxic Agents
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents Acid-Sensing Ion Channels: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Pain and Anxiety
Current Pharmaceutical Design Interconnection of Estrogen/Testosterone Metabolism and Mevalonate Pathway in Breast and Prostate Cancers
Current Molecular Pharmacology Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery