Abstract
Mechanical loading provides an anabolic stimulus for bone. More importantly, the mechanosensing apparatus in bone directs osteogenesis to where it is most needed for improving bone strength. The biological processes involved in bone mechanotransduction are poorly understood and further investigation of the molecular mechanisms might uncover drug targets for osteoporosis. Several pathways are emerging from current research, including membrane ion channels, ATP signaling, and second messengers such as prostaglandins and nitric oxide. Some key molecular targets include the Ltype calcium channel (alpha 1C isoform), a gadolinium-sensitive stretch-activated channel, P2Y2 and P2X7 purinergic receptors, EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors, and the parathyroid hormone receptor. One characteristic of the mechanosensing apparatus that has only recently been studied is the important role of desensitization. Experimental protocols that insert “rest” periods to reduce the effects of desensitization can double anabolic responses to mechanical loading. A drug therapy that suppresses desensitization pathways may provide an effective means to build bone strength.
Keywords: bone strength, bone density, osteoporosis, purinergic receptors, parathyroid hormone, nitric oxide, prostaglandin, desensitization
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Exercise as an Anabolic Stimulus for Bone
Volume: 10 Issue: 21
Author(s): Charles H. Turner and Alexander G. Robling
Affiliation:
Keywords: bone strength, bone density, osteoporosis, purinergic receptors, parathyroid hormone, nitric oxide, prostaglandin, desensitization
Abstract: Mechanical loading provides an anabolic stimulus for bone. More importantly, the mechanosensing apparatus in bone directs osteogenesis to where it is most needed for improving bone strength. The biological processes involved in bone mechanotransduction are poorly understood and further investigation of the molecular mechanisms might uncover drug targets for osteoporosis. Several pathways are emerging from current research, including membrane ion channels, ATP signaling, and second messengers such as prostaglandins and nitric oxide. Some key molecular targets include the Ltype calcium channel (alpha 1C isoform), a gadolinium-sensitive stretch-activated channel, P2Y2 and P2X7 purinergic receptors, EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors, and the parathyroid hormone receptor. One characteristic of the mechanosensing apparatus that has only recently been studied is the important role of desensitization. Experimental protocols that insert “rest” periods to reduce the effects of desensitization can double anabolic responses to mechanical loading. A drug therapy that suppresses desensitization pathways may provide an effective means to build bone strength.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Turner H. Charles and Robling G. Alexander, Exercise as an Anabolic Stimulus for Bone, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2004; 10 (21) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612043383755
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612043383755 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Nucleoside Phosphorylases
Current Organic Chemistry Functional Immunoregulation by Heme Oxygenase 1 in Juvenile Autoimmune Diseases
Current Gene Therapy Divergent Effects of Nitric Oxide Donors on the Biliary Efflux Transporters in Isolated Perfused Rat Livers: Nitric Oxide-Independent Inhibition of ABC Transporters by Sodium Nitroprusside
Drug Metabolism Letters The Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Exosome Composition, Secretion and Intercellular Communication
Protein & Peptide Letters Alternatively Activated Macrophages Revisited: New Insights into the Regulation of Immunity, Inflammation and Metabolic Function following Parasite Infection
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and Therapeutic Implications for Neuronal Injury/Diseases
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Therapeutic Potential of Drugs Targeting Pathophysiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Animal Models to Clinical Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Part II: Targeted Particles for Imaging of Anticancer Immune Responses
Current Drug Delivery Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Current Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C Including Liver Transplantation and Hepatic Resection
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Infective Agents Novel Protein Targeted Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma
Current Pharmaceutical Design Resveratrol Treatment-induced Nuclear HMGB1 Retention is Critical for Inducing Host Interferon Responses Against Zika Virus
The Natural Products Journal Identification of Interfacial Residues Involved in Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Electrochemical Biosensors as a Screening Tool of In Vitro DNA-Drug Interaction
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Sample Pretreatment and Determination of Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Samples (Blood, Plasma, Erythrocytes) by HPLC-UV-MS and μ-HPLC
Current Medicinal Chemistry Nickel and Oxidative Stress: Cell Signaling Mechanisms and Protective Role of Vitamin C
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Modifications of the Immune Responsiveness in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection following Treatment with IFN-α / Ribavirin
Current Pharmaceutical Design Therapeutic Potentials of Triterpenes in Diabetes and its Associated Complications
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry TRP Channels as A Newly Emerging Non-Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Entry Channel Superfamily
Current Pharmaceutical Design Clinical Signs, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections in Infants
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets