Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T helper 1 (Th1) mediated autoimmune disease and the principal animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Like MS, EAE is characterized by a coordinated inflammatory attack on the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS), with damage to axons. No matter whether the ideal animal model is not yet available, much knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of MS has been achieved through studies on EAE. Dissecting the underlying immune mechanisms provided recognition of several myelin antigens that are vulnerable in autoimmune attack. The beneficial effect and the mechanism of action of a number of the currently used immunomodulating agents in MS therapy were first indicated in EAE. Altered peptide ligands (APL) can modulate T-cell responses to native peptide antigens implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as MS and EAE. However, peptide therapy is hindered due to the sensitivity of peptides to proteolytic enzymes as well as due to some immune-mediated side effects. A number of cyclic myelin peptide analogs seem to be potential candidates in maintaining the biological function of the original peptide and effective in controlling inflammation in EAE. Additional data regarding the immunomodulating and neuroprotective effect of these much promising agents is required. Based on the data from studies on EAE models, clinical trials should also be designed in order to elucidate the impact of such APL-induced immune responses in MS disease activity. These clinical trials should carefully incorporate monitoring of both clinical, neuroimaging and immunological parameters.
Keywords: experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, altered peptide ligands, myelin cyclic peptide analogs
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Animal Models of Central Nervous System Immune-Mediated Diseases: Therapeutic Interventions with Bioactive Peptides and Mimetics
Volume: 12 Issue: 13
Author(s): Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Theodore Tselios, Spyros Deraos, Anastasios Orologas, George Deraos, John Matsoukas, Ioannis Mavromatis and Ioannis Milonas
Affiliation:
Keywords: experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, altered peptide ligands, myelin cyclic peptide analogs
Abstract: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T helper 1 (Th1) mediated autoimmune disease and the principal animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Like MS, EAE is characterized by a coordinated inflammatory attack on the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS), with damage to axons. No matter whether the ideal animal model is not yet available, much knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of MS has been achieved through studies on EAE. Dissecting the underlying immune mechanisms provided recognition of several myelin antigens that are vulnerable in autoimmune attack. The beneficial effect and the mechanism of action of a number of the currently used immunomodulating agents in MS therapy were first indicated in EAE. Altered peptide ligands (APL) can modulate T-cell responses to native peptide antigens implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as MS and EAE. However, peptide therapy is hindered due to the sensitivity of peptides to proteolytic enzymes as well as due to some immune-mediated side effects. A number of cyclic myelin peptide analogs seem to be potential candidates in maintaining the biological function of the original peptide and effective in controlling inflammation in EAE. Additional data regarding the immunomodulating and neuroprotective effect of these much promising agents is required. Based on the data from studies on EAE models, clinical trials should also be designed in order to elucidate the impact of such APL-induced immune responses in MS disease activity. These clinical trials should carefully incorporate monitoring of both clinical, neuroimaging and immunological parameters.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Grigoriadis Nikolaos, Tselios Theodore, Deraos Spyros, Orologas Anastasios, Deraos George, Matsoukas John, Mavromatis Ioannis and Milonas Ioannis, Animal Models of Central Nervous System Immune-Mediated Diseases: Therapeutic Interventions with Bioactive Peptides and Mimetics, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2005; 12 (13) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867054038991
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867054038991 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Collateral Damage: Contribution of Peripheral Inflammation to Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Modulation of Apoptosis: New Opportunities for Drug Discovery to Treat Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Activation of Adenosine Receptor Potentiates the Anticonvulsant Effect of Phenytoin Against Amygdala Kindled Seizures
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Endothelial Chemokines in Autoimmune Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Ocular Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy
Current Molecular Medicine Endogenous Retroelements in Cellular Senescence and Related Pathogenic Processes: Promising Drug Targets in Age-Related Diseases
Current Drug Targets Aminooxy-Acetic Acid Inhibits Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis by Modulating the Balance between Effector and Regulatory Lymphocyte Subsets
Current Molecular Medicine Synthesis of Drugs and Biorelevant N-heterocycles Employing Recent Advances in C-N Bond Formation
Current Organic Chemistry Curcuminoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Potential Drugs Targeting Microglia: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Therapeutic Targeting of NLRP3 Inflammasomes by Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals: A Novel Mechanistic Approach for Inflammatory Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Expression and Function of the Endocannabinoid System in Glial Cells
Current Pharmaceutical Design Inhibitors of the Immunoproteasome: Current Status and Future Directions
Current Pharmaceutical Design New Analytical Tools for Studying Autoimmune Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Role of Platelets and their Microparticles in Rehabilitation of Ischemic Brain Tissue
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Biomarkers and Future Targets for Development in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Role of Uric Acid and Methyl Derivatives in the Prevention of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Insights into Immunophilin Structure and Function
Current Medicinal Chemistry Editorial on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of Endocrine Metabolic Immune Disorders-Drug Targets Journal with a Kaleidoscopic Vision of Selected Publications
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Possible Pathomechanisms Responsible for Injury to the Central Nervous System in the Settings of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials