Abstract
The family of the toll-like receptors comprises a minimum of 10 members identified in humans so far. These transmembrane receptors act as important signaling intermediates between the host and the invading pathogens. The following review describes the complexities encountered by researchers studying toll-like receptor (TLR) expression changes during bacterial infections. Mutations in some of the TLRs, most prominently TLR4 and TLR2, have been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. While it is tempting to correct the phenotypic effect of such mutations, in vitro and in vivo research has shown that TLR activity and function comprises a complex regulatory network. Heterodimer formation, synergy, and cross-tolerance have previously been described. More recently, interdependence of TLR2 and TLR4 expression has been identified. In addition, TLR expression follows a specific timeline that may be dependent on the invading pathogen. Lastly, mutations in invading pathogens have been shown to alter the expression profile of TLR2 and TLR4, indicating that therapies against bacterial pathogens will have to target multiple TLRs. Despite the complexities involved in TLR function, the significant progress made in our understanding of the role these proteins play in human diseases also indicates their potential value as therapeutic agents.
Keywords: TLRs Polymorphisms, H. influenzae, TLR2KO mice, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cystic Fibrosis, TLR4 expression
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: TLR2 and TLR4 Expression During Bacterial Infections
Volume: 12 Issue: 32
Author(s): E. Lorenz
Affiliation:
Keywords: TLRs Polymorphisms, H. influenzae, TLR2KO mice, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cystic Fibrosis, TLR4 expression
Abstract: The family of the toll-like receptors comprises a minimum of 10 members identified in humans so far. These transmembrane receptors act as important signaling intermediates between the host and the invading pathogens. The following review describes the complexities encountered by researchers studying toll-like receptor (TLR) expression changes during bacterial infections. Mutations in some of the TLRs, most prominently TLR4 and TLR2, have been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. While it is tempting to correct the phenotypic effect of such mutations, in vitro and in vivo research has shown that TLR activity and function comprises a complex regulatory network. Heterodimer formation, synergy, and cross-tolerance have previously been described. More recently, interdependence of TLR2 and TLR4 expression has been identified. In addition, TLR expression follows a specific timeline that may be dependent on the invading pathogen. Lastly, mutations in invading pathogens have been shown to alter the expression profile of TLR2 and TLR4, indicating that therapies against bacterial pathogens will have to target multiple TLRs. Despite the complexities involved in TLR function, the significant progress made in our understanding of the role these proteins play in human diseases also indicates their potential value as therapeutic agents.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Lorenz E., TLR2 and TLR4 Expression During Bacterial Infections, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743547
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743547 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Drug Target Discovery Through Analysis of Laccase Regulatory Networks of Cryptococccus neoformans
Current Enzyme Inhibition New Perspectives in Glioma Immunotherapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cerebrospinal Fluid, Brain Electrolytes Balance, and the Unsuspected Intrinsic Property of Melanin to Dissociate the Water Molecule
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Newer Cephalosporins are Only Marginal Advancements Over Existing Compounds
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Infective Agents CNS Immune Surveillance and Neuroinflammation: Endocannabinoids Keep Control
Current Pharmaceutical Design Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Therapeutic Options in the Post Anti-TNFα Era
Current Drug Metabolism The Role of Adenosine in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Pharmaceutical Counterfeiting and Analytical Authentication
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Cancer and Aids: New Trends in Drug Design and Chemotherapy
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Communicating Vaccine Safety to the Media and General Public
Current Drug Safety Calcium Antagonists: A Ready Prescription for Treating Infectious Diseases?
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Nervous System as a Critical Regulator of Immune Responses Underlying Allergy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Psychosocial Stress, Emotions and Cytokine-Related Disorders
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Response to HAART in Treatment-Naive HIV-Infected Patients with a Prior Diagnosis of Tuberculosis or other Opportunistic Infections
Current HIV Research Role of Progesterone in Human Astrocytomas Growth
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: New Biological Therapy of an Old Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry A Critical and Comprehensive Insight on Heme Oxygenase and Related Products Including Carbon Monoxide, Bilirubin, Biliverdin and Ferritin in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Human Kallikrein 6 Cerebrospinal Levels are Elevated in Multiple Sclerosis
Current Drug Discovery Technologies Pleiotropic Effects of Nitric Oxide on SARS-CoV-2 Infections
Coronaviruses Monoclonal Antibodies in Rare Acquired Thrombotic Disorders: The Paradigms of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Current Vascular Pharmacology