Abstract
It has been widely accepted that neurogenesis continues throughout life. Neural stem cells can be found in the ventricular zone of the embryonic and in restricted regions of the adult central nervous system, including subventricular and subgranular zones of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The network of signaling mechanisms determining whether neural stem cells remain in a proliferative state or differentiate is only partly discovered. Recent advances indicate that glutamate (Glu), the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in mature neurons, can influence immature neural cell proliferation and differentiation, as well. Despite many similarities, Glu actions on neurogenesis in the developing and adult brain show distinct differences and are far from being clear. Due to alterations of Glu transport mechanisms, extracellular Glu level is high in the embryonic CNS. Glu acts non-synaptically on dividing progenitors either by directly activating ionotropic and/or metabotropic Glu receptors or can influence other cells which are located in the vicinity of proliferating cells and produce molecules regulating neural precursor cell proliferation by other mechanisms. Due to the complexity of signaling pathways and to regional differences in neural precursors, Glu can influence proliferation and neuronal commitment as well, and acts as a positive regulator of neurogenesis. Brain injuries like ischemia, epilepsy or stress lead to severe neuronal death and additionally, influence neurogenesis, as well. Glu homeostasis is altered under these pathological circumstances, implying that therapeutic treatments mediating Glu signaling might be useful to increase neuronal replacement after cell loss in the brain.
Keywords: Proliferation, neural precursor cell commitment, neural stem cell, ionotropic Glu receptors, metabotropic Glu receptors, Glu transporters
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Glutamate as a Modulator of Embryonic and Adult Neurogenesis
Volume: 6 Issue: 10
Author(s): Katalin Schlett
Affiliation:
Keywords: Proliferation, neural precursor cell commitment, neural stem cell, ionotropic Glu receptors, metabotropic Glu receptors, Glu transporters
Abstract: It has been widely accepted that neurogenesis continues throughout life. Neural stem cells can be found in the ventricular zone of the embryonic and in restricted regions of the adult central nervous system, including subventricular and subgranular zones of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The network of signaling mechanisms determining whether neural stem cells remain in a proliferative state or differentiate is only partly discovered. Recent advances indicate that glutamate (Glu), the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in mature neurons, can influence immature neural cell proliferation and differentiation, as well. Despite many similarities, Glu actions on neurogenesis in the developing and adult brain show distinct differences and are far from being clear. Due to alterations of Glu transport mechanisms, extracellular Glu level is high in the embryonic CNS. Glu acts non-synaptically on dividing progenitors either by directly activating ionotropic and/or metabotropic Glu receptors or can influence other cells which are located in the vicinity of proliferating cells and produce molecules regulating neural precursor cell proliferation by other mechanisms. Due to the complexity of signaling pathways and to regional differences in neural precursors, Glu can influence proliferation and neuronal commitment as well, and acts as a positive regulator of neurogenesis. Brain injuries like ischemia, epilepsy or stress lead to severe neuronal death and additionally, influence neurogenesis, as well. Glu homeostasis is altered under these pathological circumstances, implying that therapeutic treatments mediating Glu signaling might be useful to increase neuronal replacement after cell loss in the brain.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Schlett Katalin, Glutamate as a Modulator of Embryonic and Adult Neurogenesis, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2006; 6 (10) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802606777323665
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802606777323665 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Tissue Distribution and Pharmacodynamics: A Complicated Relationship
Current Drug Metabolism Potential Phytotherapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview
Current Traditional Medicine Pleiotropic, Cardioprotective Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Seizures and Anticonvulsants in Brain Tumours: Frequency, Mechanisms and Anti-Epileptic Management
Current Pharmaceutical Design Design, Synthesis, Anticonvulsant Activity, Preclinical Study and Pharmacokinetic Performance of N-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo-3, 4-dihydroquinazolin- 2-yl] methyl}, 2-[(2-isopropyl-5-methyl) 1-cyclo Hexylidene] Hydrazinecarboxamide
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Signaling Pathways Involved in Antidepressant-Induced Cell Proliferation and Synaptic Plasticity
Current Pharmaceutical Design A Concise Review on Multidimensional Silver Nanoparticle Health Aids and Threats
Current Drug Therapy Telmisartan Promotes Potential Glucose Homeostasis in Stroke-Resistant Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activation
Current Neurovascular Research An Appraisal of Current Pharmacological Perspectives of Sesamol: A Review
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry “Epileptic Encephalopathy” of Infancy and Childhood: Electro-Clinical Pictures and Recent Understandings
Current Neuropharmacology Advanced Drug Delivery of N-Acetylcarnosine (N-Acetyl-beta-alanyl-Lhistidine), Carcinine (Beta-alanylhistamine) and L-carnosine (Beta-alanyl- L-histidine) in Targeting Peptide Compounds as Pharmacological Chaperones for Use in Tissue Engineering, Human Disease Management and Therapy: From in vitro to the Clinic
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Small Molecule-induced Beta-cell Regeneration from Alternate Cell Sources
Current Tissue Engineering (Discontinued) Overview of Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Non-Nitrogen Heterocyclics as Anticonvulsant Agents
Current Neuropharmacology Brain Network Connectivity Mediates Education-related Cognitive Performance in Healthy Elderly Adults
Current Alzheimer Research Molecular Structure of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
Current Medicinal Chemistry Three-dimensional Modelling of the Voltage-gated Sodium Ion Channel from Anopheles gambiae Reveals Spatial Clustering of Evolutionarily Conserved Acidic Residues at the Extracellular Sites
Current Neuropharmacology Influence of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis, f. flavicarpa, DEG) Juice Sweetened with Sucrose, Saccharin and Cyclamate on Blood Glucose in Normal and Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
The Natural Products Journal The Development of Medications for Alcohol-Use Disorders Targeting the GABAB Receptor System
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Positron Emission Tomography: Applications In Drug Discovery and Drug Development
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Yoga can Alter the Autonomic Neural Activity: A Critical Analysis
Current Traditional Medicine