Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant, a complex of lipids and proteins, functions to keep alveoli from collapsing at expiration. Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) belong to the collectin family and play pivotal roles in the innate immunity of the lung. Pulmonary collectins directly bind with broad specificities to a variety of microorganism and possess antimicrobial effects. These proteins also exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, which occur through interactions with pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor and CD14, signal inhibitory regulatory protein a and a receptor complex of calreticulin and CD91. The collectins enhance phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages through opsonic and/or non-opsonic activities. The proteins stimulate cell surface expression of phagocytic receptors including scavenger receptor A and mannose receptor. Since the expression of SP-A and SP-D is abundant and restricted within the lung, the proteins are now clinically used as biomarkers for lung diseases. The levels of SP-A and SP-D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, amniotic fluids, tracheal aspirates and pleural effusions reflect alterations in alveolar compartments and epithelium, and lung maturity. The determination of SP-A and SP-D in sera is a non-invasive and useful tool for understanding some pathological changes of the lung in the diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, collagen vascular diseases complicated with interstitial lung disease, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and radiation pneumonitis.
Keywords: Surfactant, pulmonary collectin, SP-A, SP-D, innate immunity, inflammation, biomarker, interstitial lung disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Pulmonary Surfactant Proteins A and D: Innate Immune Functions and Biomarkers for Lung Diseases
Volume: 12 Issue: 5
Author(s): Hiroki Takahashi, Hitomi Sano, Hirofumi Chiba and Yoshio Kuroki
Affiliation:
Keywords: Surfactant, pulmonary collectin, SP-A, SP-D, innate immunity, inflammation, biomarker, interstitial lung disease
Abstract: Pulmonary surfactant, a complex of lipids and proteins, functions to keep alveoli from collapsing at expiration. Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) belong to the collectin family and play pivotal roles in the innate immunity of the lung. Pulmonary collectins directly bind with broad specificities to a variety of microorganism and possess antimicrobial effects. These proteins also exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, which occur through interactions with pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor and CD14, signal inhibitory regulatory protein a and a receptor complex of calreticulin and CD91. The collectins enhance phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages through opsonic and/or non-opsonic activities. The proteins stimulate cell surface expression of phagocytic receptors including scavenger receptor A and mannose receptor. Since the expression of SP-A and SP-D is abundant and restricted within the lung, the proteins are now clinically used as biomarkers for lung diseases. The levels of SP-A and SP-D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, amniotic fluids, tracheal aspirates and pleural effusions reflect alterations in alveolar compartments and epithelium, and lung maturity. The determination of SP-A and SP-D in sera is a non-invasive and useful tool for understanding some pathological changes of the lung in the diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, collagen vascular diseases complicated with interstitial lung disease, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and radiation pneumonitis.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Takahashi Hiroki, Sano Hitomi, Chiba Hirofumi and Kuroki Yoshio, Pulmonary Surfactant Proteins A and D: Innate Immune Functions and Biomarkers for Lung Diseases, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206775474387
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206775474387 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Evidence for the Involvement of Resistin in Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease
Current Diabetes Reviews Editorial [ Advances in Heme Oxygenase Research as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy Executive Editor: M.J. Alcaraz]
Current Pharmaceutical Design Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Neuroinflammation as a Common Mechanism Associated with the Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Current Aging Science Impact of Oral 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol) Replacement Therapy on Coronary Artery Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Phentermine and Topiramate Extended-Release for the Obesity: New Kids on the Block
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Plasma Steroid Level Measured Using Modern Separation Techniques as Biomarkers in Biological Diagnostics
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis The Complexities of TGF-β Action During Mammary and Squamous Cell Carcinogenesis
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Is There an Association between Periodontitis and Hypertension?
Current Cardiology Reviews The Fetal Cardiac Function
Current Cardiology Reviews Adipobiology for Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Metabolic Syndrome
Current Vascular Pharmacology Wound Healing: What Happens in Microgravity?
Current Biotechnology Therapeutic Apheresis in Metabolic Syndrome
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Relationship of Dietary Habits and Obesity to Oxidative Stress in Palauan People: Compared with Japanese and Mongolian People
Current Aging Science Chemokines and Receptors as Targets in Anti-Inflammatory Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A Hypothetical View
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Vitamin D3, D2 and Arterial Wall Properties in Coronary Artery Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Effect of Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis on Endothelial Dysfunction Evaluated by Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Local Renin-Angiotensin II Systems, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and its Homologue ACE2: Their Potential Role in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Pulmonary Hypertension and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Current Medicinal Chemistry Novel uses of Imaging in AF Ablation
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery