Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pediatric Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3963
ISSN (Online): 1875-6336

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Children and Adolescents with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Treatment and Management

Author(s): Ankita Wal*, Pranay Wal, Neha Verma, Shiv Shanker Pandey, Karthickeyan Krishnan and Mithun Bhowmick

Volume 20, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 29 December, 2022

Page: [166 - 177] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1573396319666221128094843

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that causes stomach pain in children and adolescents. It may also impact one's quality of life. IBS is linked to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhoea and constipation. Despite the identification of several potential pathophysiological pathways, the aetiology of IBS remained unknown.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to discuss the diagnosis, pathogenesis, case studies and treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents.

Methods: This systematic review covered relevant papers from the previous ten years that were accessible in Science Direct, Elsevier, NCBI, and Web of Science related to the pathophysiology and function of pharmacological drugs such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics in children with irritable bowel syndrome.

Results: Only a few prospective therapy techniques have been investigated in children, and even fewer of those have been demonstrated to be effective. This article presents case studies including 50-59 children, which demonstrate a favourable acceptable impact that is more effective than a placebo in terms of reducing symptoms and improving the overall quality of life in children who have irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, the majority of the pathophysiological explanations and treatment options discussed are based on adult studies. These major issues arose when treating paediatric IBS, and they must be addressed in order to properly treat children with IBS. Trials that focus on many combinations of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies seem to be more helpful.

Discussion: In recent years, a number of systematic reviews have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of medication treatments in children for IBS; however, the dependability of these systematic reviews needs to be further investigated owing to the various experimental designs and levels of evidence used. This article highlights paediatric therapy options, including pharmaceutical medications such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics. The goal is to alleviate IBS symptoms while also enhancing the quality of life for children with this illness.

Keywords: Irritable bowel syndrome, microbiota, anti-depressant, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, antispasmodics.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Lacy B, Patel N. Rome criteria and a diagnostic approach to irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Med 2017; 6(11): 99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm6110099] [PMID: 29072609]
[2]
Chong PP, Chin VK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Madhavan P, Yong VC. The microbiome and irritable bowel syndrome-a review on the pathophysiology, current research and future therapy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 1136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01136] [PMID: 31244784]
[3]
Saps M, Seshadri R, Sztainberg M, Schaffer G, Marshall BM, Di Lorenzo C. A prospective school-based study of abdominal pain and other common somatic complaints in children. J Pediatr 2009; 154(3): 322-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.09.047] [PMID: 19038403]
[4]
Occhipinti K, Smith JW. Irritable bowel syndrome: A review and update. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2012; 25(1): 046-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1301759]
[5]
Talley NJ. Serotoninergic neuroenteric modulators. Lancet 2001; 358(9298): 2061-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07103-3] [PMID: 11755632]
[6]
Dunlop SP, Coleman NS, Blackshaw E, et al. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3(4): 349-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00726-8] [PMID: 15822040]
[7]
Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, et al. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome 1. Gastroenterology 2004; 126(7): 1657-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.013] [PMID: 15188158]
[8]
Johns hopskin medicine. Irritable bowel syndrome in chidren. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-children
[9]
Adeniyi OF, Lesi OA, Olatona FA, Esezobor CI, Ikobah JM. Irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents in Lagos. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 28(1): 93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.93.11512] [PMID: 29255563]
[10]
Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Subtypes and symptomatology of irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents: A school-based survey using Rome III criteria. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 18(3): 298-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2012.18.3.298] [PMID: 22837878]
[11]
Lu PL, Velasco-Benítez CA, Saps M. Sex, age, and prevalence of pediatric irritable bowel syndrome and constipation in Colombia: A Population-based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64(6): e137-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001391] [PMID: 27579696]
[12]
Zhu X, Chen W, Zhu X, Shen Y. A cross-sectional study of risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome in children 8-13 years of age in Suzhou, China. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 198461.
[13]
Simrén M, Månsson A, Langkilde AM, et al. Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 2001; 63(2): 108-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000051878] [PMID: 11244249]
[14]
Hayes P, Corish C, O’Mahony E, Quigley EMM. A dietary survey of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27 (Suppl. 2): 36-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12114] [PMID: 23659729]
[15]
Dong L, Dingguo L, Xiaoxing X, Hanming L. An epidemiologic study of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents and children in China: A school-based study. Pediatrics 2005; 116(3): e393-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-2764] [PMID: 16140684]
[16]
Khayyatzadeh SS, Kazemi-Bajestani SMR, Mirmousavi SJ, et al. Dietary behaviors in relation to prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescent girls. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33(2): 404-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13908] [PMID: 28770579]
[17]
Parker TJ, Naylor SJ, Riordan AM, Hunter JO. Management of patients with food intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome: The development and use of an exclusion diet. J Hum Nutr Diet 1995; 8(3): 159-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00308.x]
[18]
Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, Bengtsson U, Simrén M. Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108(5): 634-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.105] [PMID: 23644955]
[19]
Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO, Farup PG. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome-etiology, prevalence and consequences. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60(5): 667-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602367] [PMID: 16391571]
[20]
Schwille-Kiuntke J, Enck P, Zendler C, et al. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: Follow-up of a patient cohort of confirmed cases of bacterial infection with Salmonella or Campylobacter. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23(11): e479-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01779.x] [PMID: 21883703]
[21]
Thabane M, Simunovic M, Akhtar-Danesh N, et al. An outbreak of acute bacterial gastroenteritis is associated with an increased incidence of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(4): 933-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.74] [PMID: 20179687]
[22]
Mearin F, Lacy BE. Diagnostic criteria in IBS: Useful or not? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24(9): 791-801.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01992.x] [PMID: 22908861]
[23]
Drossman DA, Dumitrascu DL. Rome III: New standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2006; 15(3): 237-41.
[PMID: 17013448]
[24]
Spiegel BMR, Farid M, Esrailian E, Talley J, Chang L. Is irritable bowel syndrome a diagnosis of exclusion?: A survey of primary care providers, gastroenterologists, and IBS experts. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(4): 848-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.47] [PMID: 20197761]
[25]
Camilleri M. Testing the sensitivity hypothesis in practice: Tools and methods, assumptions and pitfalls. Gut 2002; 51 (Suppl. 1): i34-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.51.suppl_1.i34] [PMID: 12077062]
[26]
Halac U, Noble A, Faure C. Rectal sensory threshold for pain is a diagnostic marker of irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain in children. J Pediatr 2010; 156(1): 60-65.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.062] [PMID: 19800076]
[27]
Faure C, Wieckowska A. Somatic referral of visceral sensations and rectal sensory threshold for pain in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Pediatr 2007; 150(1): 66-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.08.072] [PMID: 17188617]
[28]
Miranda A. Early life events and the development of visceral hyperalgesia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47(5): 682-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000338958.94313.99] [PMID: 18955876]
[29]
Van Ginkel R, Voskuijl WP, Benninga MA, Taminiau JAJM, Boeckxstaens GE. Alterations in rectal sensitivity and motility in childhood irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2001; 120(1): 31-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.20898] [PMID: 11208711]
[30]
Di Lorenzo C, Youssef NN, Sigurdsson L, Scharff L, Griffiths J, Wald A. Visceral hyperalgesia in children with functional abdominal pain. J Pediatr 2001; 139(6): 838-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.118883] [PMID: 11743510]
[31]
Bouin M, Plourde V, Boivin M, et al. Rectal distention testing in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pain sensory thresholds. Gastroenterology 2002; 122(7): 1771-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.33601] [PMID: 12055583]
[32]
Lee H, Park JH, Park DI, et al. Mucosal mast cell count is associated with intestinal permeability in patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19(2): 244-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2013.19.2.244] [PMID: 23667756]
[33]
Spiller R, Lam C. An update on post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: role of genetics, immune activation, serotonin and altered microbiome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 18(3): 258-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2012.18.3.258] [PMID: 22837873]
[34]
Enck P, Aziz Q, Barbara G, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2(1): 16014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.14] [PMID: 27159638]
[35]
Sundin J, Öhman L, Simrén M. Understanding the gut microbiota in inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal diseases. Psychosom Med 2017; 79(8): 857-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000470] [PMID: 28422780]
[36]
Saulnier DM, Riehle K, Mistretta TA, et al. Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011; 141(5): 1782-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.072] [PMID: 21741921]
[37]
Shankar V, Agans R, Holmes B, Raymer M, Paliy O. Do gut microbial communities differ in pediatric IBS and health? Gut Microbes 2013; 4(4): 347-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.24827] [PMID: 23674073]
[38]
Rigsbee L, Agans R, Shankar V, et al. Quantitative profiling of gut microbiota of children with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(11): 1740-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.287] [PMID: 22986438]
[39]
Crouzet L, Gaultier E, Del’Homme C, et al. The hypersensitivity to colonic distension of IBS patients can be transferred to rats through their fecal microbiota. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25(4): e272-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12103] [PMID: 23433203]
[40]
Treem WR, Ahsan N, Kastoff G, Hyams JS. Fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: In vitro studies of carbohydrate fermentation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23(3): 280-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199610000-00013] [PMID: 8890079]
[41]
Gershon MD, Tack J. The serotonin signaling system: From basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(1): 397-414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.002] [PMID: 17241888]
[42]
Gershon MD. The enteric nervous system: A second brain. Hosp Pract 1999; 34(7): 31-52, 35-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/hp.1999.07.153] [PMID: 10418549]
[43]
Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Abdollahi M, Rahimi R. The role of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome: Pharmacological targets and novel treatments. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22(4): 558-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm16001] [PMID: 27431236]
[44]
Stasi C, Bellini M, Bassotti G, Blandizzi C, Milani S. Serotonin receptors and their role in the pathophysiology and therapy of irritable bowel syndrome. Tech Coloproctol 2014; 18(7): 613-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10151-013-1106-8] [PMID: 24425100]
[45]
Gershon M. Plasticity in serotonin control mechanisms in the gut. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003; 3(6): 600-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2003.07.005] [PMID: 14644011]
[46]
Crowell MD. The role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Manag Care 2001; 7(8) (Suppl.): S252-60.
[PMID: 11474910]
[47]
Colucci R, Blandizzi C, Bellini M, Ghisu N, Tonini M, Del Tacca M. The genetics of the serotonin transporter and irritable bowel syndrome. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14(7): 295-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2008.05.001] [PMID: 18550438]
[48]
Jarrett ME, Kohen R, Cain KC, et al. Relationship of SERT polymorphisms to depressive and anxiety symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Biol Res Nurs 2007; 9(2): 161-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800407307822] [PMID: 17909168]
[49]
geeraerts, van oudenhove, tack. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006; 18(11): 957-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00854.x] [PMID: 17040405]
[50]
Sha W, Pasricha PJ, Chen JDZ. Rhythmic and spatial abnormalities of gastric slow waves in patients with functional dyspepsia. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43(2): 123-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157187a] [PMID: 18719512]
[51]
Cucchiara S, Riezzo G, Minella R, Pezzolla F, Giorgio I, Auricchio S. Electrogastrography in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67(5): 613-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.67.5.613] [PMID: 1599299]
[52]
Riezzo G, Chiloiro M, Guerra V, Borrelli O, Salvia G, Cucchiara S. Comparison of gastric electrical activity and gastric emptying in healthy and dyspeptic children. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45(3): 517-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005493123557] [PMID: 10749327]
[53]
Friesen CA, Lin Z, Hyman PE, et al. Electrogastrography in pediatric functional dyspepsia: relationship to gastric emptying and symptom severity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42(3): 265-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000189367.99416.5e] [PMID: 16540794]
[54]
DuPont AW, Jiang ZD, Harold SA, et al. Motility abnormalities in irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 2014; 89(2): 119-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000356314] [PMID: 24503633]
[55]
Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Benninga MA. Abdominal migraine in children: Association between gastric motility parameters and clinical characteristics. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16(1): 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12876-016-0435-2] [PMID: 26924750]
[56]
Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Perera MS, Nishanthanie SW, Benninga MA. Gastric emptying and antral motility parameters in children with functional dyspepsia: Association with symptom severity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28(7): 1161-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12205] [PMID: 23517336]
[57]
Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Bandara C, Shashiprabha G, Benninga MA. Ultrasonographic assessment of liquid gastric emptying and antral motility according to the subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56(4): 443-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827f7a3d] [PMID: 23201712]
[58]
Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Rathnamalala N, Samaraweera S, Benninga MA. Delayed gastric emptying rates and impaired antral motility in children fulfilling Rome III criteria for functional abdominal pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24(5): 420-425, e207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01871.x] [PMID: 22273006]
[59]
Stanghellini V, Tosetti C, Paternicò A, et al. Risk indicators of delayed gastric emptying of solids in patients with functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1996; 110(4): 1036-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8612991] [PMID: 8612991]
[60]
Gilja OH, Hausken T, Wilhelmsen I, Berstad A. Impaired accommodation of proximal stomach to a meal in functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41(4): 689-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02213124] [PMID: 8674389]
[61]
Olafsdottir E, Gilja OH, Aslaksen A, Berstad A, Fluge G. Impaired accommodation of the proximal stomach in children with recurrent abdominal pain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30(2): 157-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200002000-00012] [PMID: 10697134]
[62]
Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Baldassarre G, Altomare DF, Palasciano G. Pan-enteric dysmotility, impaired quality of life and alexithymia in a large group of patients meeting ROME II criteria for irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9(10): 2293-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2293] [PMID: 14562396]
[63]
Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Impaired transit and tolerance of intestinal gas in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2001; 48(1): 14-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.48.1.14] [PMID: 11115817]
[64]
Lu C-L, Chen C-Y, Chang F-Y, Lee S-D. Characteristics of small bowel motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and normal humans: an Oriental study. Clin Sci (Lond) 1998; 95(2): 165-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS19980040]
[65]
Lee OY. Asian motility studies in irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 16(2): 120-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2010.16.2.120] [PMID: 20535342]
[66]
Mayer EA, Naliboff BD, Chang L, Coutinho SVV. Stress and irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280(4): G519-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.G519] [PMID: 11254476]
[67]
Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S. Irritable bowel syndrome in children: Current knowledge, challenges and opportunities. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24(21): 2211-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i21.2211] [PMID: 29881232]
[68]
Nall R. Undigested Food in Stool: Should I Be Worried. Healthline 2020. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/undigested-food-in-stool
[69]
Chiou E, Nurko S. Management of functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4(3): 293-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/egh.10.28] [PMID: 20528117]
[70]
Huertas-Ceballos A, Logan S, Bennett C, Macarthur C. Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (1): CD003017.
[PMID: 18254013]
[71]
LeBel AA. Pharmacology. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 47(5): 703-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000338966.70550.d1] [PMID: 18955884]
[72]
Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BMR, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 337: a2313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2313] [PMID: 19008265]
[73]
Martínez-Vázquez MA, Vázquez-Elizondo G, González-González JA, Gutiérrez-Udave R, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Bosques-Padilla FJ. Effect of antispasmodic agents, alone or in combination, in the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2012; 77(2): 82-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2012.04.002] [PMID: 22672854]
[74]
Pourmoghaddas Z, Saneian H, Roohafza H, Gholamrezaei A. Mebeverine for pediatric functional abdominal pain: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014.
[75]
Darvish-Damavandi M, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of efficacy and tolerability of mebeverine in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(5): 547-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i5.547] [PMID: 20128021]
[76]
Bahar RJ, Collins BS, Steinmetz B, Ament ME. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr 2008; 152(5): 685-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.10.012] [PMID: 18410774]
[77]
Saps M, Youssef N, Miranda A, et al. Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2009; 137(4): 1261-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.060] [PMID: 19596010]
[78]
Gutgesell H, Atkins D, Barst R, et al. Cardiovascular monitoring of children and adolescents receiving psychotropic drugs: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Congenital Cardiac Defects, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 1999; 99(7): 979-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.7.979] [PMID: 10027824]
[79]
See MC, Birnbaum AH, Schechter CB, Goldenberg MM, Benkov KJ. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of famotidine in children with abdominal pain and dyspepsia: Global and quantitative assessment. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46(5): 985-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010793408132] [PMID: 11341669]
[80]
Gibbons TE, Gold BD. The use of proton pump inhibitors in children: A comprehensive review. Paediatr Drugs 2003; 5(1): 25-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128072-200305010-00003] [PMID: 12513104]
[81]
Tack J. Prokinetics and fundic relaxants in upper functional GI disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8(6): 690-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2008.09.009] [PMID: 18940266]
[82]
Drossman DA, Chey WD, Johanson JF, et al. Clinical trial: lubiprostone in patients with constipation-associated irritable bowel syndrome - results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29(3): 329-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03881.x] [PMID: 19006537]
[83]
Thabane M, Kottachchi DT, Marshall JK. Systematic review and meta-analysis: The incidence and prognosis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26(4): 535-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03399.x] [PMID: 17661757]
[84]
Bardisa-Ezcurra L, Ullman R, Gordon J. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic childhood constipation: Summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2010; 340: c2585.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2585] [PMID: 20516006]
[85]
Cann PA, Read NW, Holdsworth CD, Barends D. Role of loperamide and placebo in management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29(3): 239-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01296258] [PMID: 6365490]
[86]
Paul SP, Barnard P, Bigwood C, Candy DC. Challenges in management of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Indian pediatri 2013; 50(12): 1137-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-013-0308-5]
[87]
Guandalini S, Magazzu G, Chiaro A, et al. VSL# 3 improves symptoms in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind, crossover study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010 Jul 1; 51(1): 24-30.
[88]
Scarpellini E, Giorgio V, Gabrielli M, et al. Rifaximin treatment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a preliminary study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 17(10): 1314-20.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
23
4
World Autism Awareness Day
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy