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Current Medicinal Chemistry

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ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

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Review Article

The Impact of Vaccination Worldwide on SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Review on Vaccine Mechanisms, Results of Clinical Trials, Vaccinal Coverage and Interactions with Novel Variants

Author(s): Douglas Henrique Pereira Damasceno, Arthur Aguiar Amaral, Cecília Andrade Silva and Ana Cristina Simões e Silva*

Volume 29, Issue 15, 2022

Published on: 04 January, 2022

Page: [2673 - 2690] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210902094254

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic demanded a global effort towards quickly developing safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.

Objective: This review aimed to discuss the main vaccines available, their mechanisms of action, results of clinical trials, and epidemiological behavior. The implications of viral variants were also debated.

Methods: A non-systematic literature review was performed between February and March 2021 by searching the Pubmed, Scopus, and SciELO databases, using different combinations of the following terms: "vaccines", "clinical trials" , "SARS-CoV-2", "Coronavirus", "COVID-19", "mechanisms of action". Data regarding clinical trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and epidemiological information were also searched.

Results: The mechanisms of action included vector-virus, mRNA and inactivated virus vaccines. The vaccines showed positive results in phases 2/3 clinical trials. The efficacy of the mRNA 1273 and of mRNA BNT 162b2 vaccines were 94.1% and 95%, respectively. The effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine varied according to the scheme, with an overall value of 70.4%. The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine had an efficacy of 91.6%. Regarding the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, 99% or more of seroconversion was observed in all subgroups 29 days after vaccination. The CoronaVac vaccine induced an immune response in 92% of the volunteers receiving 3ug and in 98% with 6ug, in comparison to 3% in the placebo group.

Conclusion: Global efforts have resulted in vaccines being available in record time, with good safety and immunogenicity profile. However, only long-term studies can provide more information on the duration of immunity and the need for additional doses.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, COVID-19, vaccines, new variants, immune response, vaccinal coverage, impacts of vaccination.

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