Generic placeholder image

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1386-2073
ISSN (Online): 1875-5402

Review Article

Status Analysis of Herbal Drug Therapies in Epilepsy: Advancements in the Use of Medicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory Properties

Author(s): Monika Pahuja *, Jogender Mehla and Yogendra Kumar Gupta

Volume 25, Issue 10, 2022

Published on: 19 February, 2021

Page: [1601 - 1618] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210219103430

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: The use of plants and plant products in health care has shown an exponential increase in the past two decades.

Introduction: In-spite of the availability of well-established pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, a large no of the population still explores alternative treatments due to refractory seizures, adverse effects of drugs, chronic treatment, inaccessibility of standard therapies in rural areas and the social stigma attached to the disease. Various studies on medicinal plants showed the protective effect of herbals in animal models of epilepsy.

Methods: In the present review, a status analysis of the traditional use of various medicinal plants in epilepsy with a special focus on plats having anti-inflammatory potential is recorded.

Result and Conclusion: The shortcomings of research on medicinal plants which need to be explored further in order to tackle the growing need for safer and effective drugs for epilepsy are discussed. Overall, there is a huge scope of herbal drugs in CNS disorders, especially epilepsy, either as an adjunct by reducing the dose and thus side effects of standard anti-epileptic drugs or as a standalone agent. Although, there is still an urgent need of well planned randomized controlled clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety.

Keywords: Epilepsy, herbal drugs, CNS activity, herb-drug interaction, medicinal plants, anti-inflammatory.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Sridharan, R. Epidemiology of epilepsy. Curr. Sci., 2002, 82(6), 664-670.
[2]
Dymond, A.M.; Crandall, P.H. Oxygen availability and blood flow in the temporal lobes during spontaneous epileptic seizures in man. Brain Res., 1976, 102(1), 191-196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(76)90587-4] [PMID: 1247879]
[3]
Dugan, L.L.; Sensi, S.L.; Canzoniero, L.M.; Handran, S.D.; Rothman, S.M.; Lin, T.S.; Goldberg, M.P.; Choi, D.W. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in cortical neurons following exposure to N-methyl-D-aspartate. J. Neurosci., 1995, 15(10), 6377-6388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06377.1995] [PMID: 7472402]
[4]
Bindokas, V.P.; Jordán, J.; Lee, C.C.; Miller, R.J. Superoxide production in rat hippocampal neurons: selective imaging with hydroethidine. J. Neurosci., 1996, 16(4), 1324-1336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-04-01324.1996] [PMID: 8778284]
[5]
Reynolds, I.J.; Hastings, T.G. Glutamate induces the production of reactive oxygen species in cultured forebrain neurons following NMDA receptor activation. J. Neurosci., 1995, 15(5 Pt 1), 3318-3327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03318.1995] [PMID: 7751912]
[6]
Helmstaedter, C.; Kockelmann, E. Cognitive outcomes in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2006, 47(Suppl. 2), 96-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00702.x] [PMID: 17105474]
[7]
Holmes, G.L. Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of network abnormalities. Epileptic Disord., 2015, 17(2), 101-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/epd.2015.0739] [PMID: 25905906]
[8]
Dawson, V.L.; Dawson, T.M.; London, E.D.; Bredt, D.S.; Snyder, S.H. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, 88(14), 6368-6371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.14.6368] [PMID: 1648740]
[9]
Gilman, S.C.; Bonner, M.J.; Pellmar, T.C. Effect of oxidative stress on excitatory amino acid release by cerebral cortical synaptosomes. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1993, 15(6), 671-675.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(93)90172-Q] [PMID: 7908006]
[10]
Richter, C.; Kass, G.E.N. Oxidative stress in mitochondria: its relationship to cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, cell death, proliferation, and differentiation. Chem. Biol. Interact., 1991, 77(1), 1-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(91)90002-O] [PMID: 1983962]
[11]
Bondy, S.C. Free radical’s excitotoxicity and CNS disease. PSEBM, 1995, 208, 336-344.
[12]
Singh, R.; Pathak, D.N. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in FeCl3-induced epileptogenic foci in the rat brain. Epilepsia, 1990, 31(1), 15-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05354.x] [PMID: 2303008]
[13]
Vezzani, A.; Granata, T. Brain inflammation in epilepsy: experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(11), 1724-1743.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00298.x]
[14]
Choi, J.; Nordli, D.R., Jr; Alden, T.D.; DiPatri, A., Jr; Laux, L.; Kelley, K.; Rosenow, J.; Schuele, S.U.; Rajaram, V.; Koh, S. Cellular injury and neuroinflammation in children with chronic intractable epilepsy. J. Neuroinflammation, 2009, 6, 38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-6-38] [PMID: 20021679]
[15]
Vezzani, A.; Aronica, E.; Mazarati, A.; Pittman, Q.J. Epilepsy and brain inflammation. Exp. Neurol., 2013, 244, 11-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.033] [PMID: 21985866]
[16]
Vezzani, A.; French, J.; Bartfai, T.; Baram, T.Z. The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2011, 7(1), 31-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2010.178] [PMID: 21135885]
[17]
Imran, M.; Ghorat, F.; Ul-Haq, I.; Ur-Rehman, H.; Aslam, F.; Heydari, M.; Shariati, M.A.; Okuskhanova, E.; Yessimbekov, Z.; Thiruvengadam, M.; Hashempur, M.H.; Rebezov, M. Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders. Antioxidants, 2020, 9(8), 706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080706] [PMID: 32759751]
[18]
Liu, W.; Ge, T.; Pan, Z.; Leng, Y.; Lv, J.; Li, B. The effects of herbal medicine on epilepsy. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(29), 48385-48397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16801] [PMID: 28423368]
[19]
Mosavat, S.H.; Heydari, M.; Hashempur, M.H.; Dehghani, S.M. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among paediatric patients with hepatogastrointestinal diseases. East. Mediterr. Health J., 2018, 24(10), 1018-1025.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2018.24.10.1018] [PMID: 30582145]
[20]
Ahmad, R.S.; Hussain, M.B.; Sultan, M.T.; Arshad, M.S.; Waheed, M.; Shariati, M.A.; Plygun, S.; Hashempur, M.H. Biochemistry, Safety, pharmacological activities, and clinical applications of turmeric: A mechanistic review. Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine, 2020.
[21]
Li, Q.; Chen, X.; He, L.; Zhou, D. Traditional Chinese medicine for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009, 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006454.pub2]
[22]
Geoffrey, C.; Kirby, M. Medicinal plants and the control of protozoa disease with particular reference to malaria. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1996.
[23]
Afrasiabian, F.; Mirabzadeh Ardakani, M.; Rahmani, K.; Azadi, N.A.; Alemohammad, Z.B.; Bidaki, R.; Karimi, M.; Emtiazy, M.; Hashempur, M.H. Aloysia citriodora Palau (lemon verbena) for insomnia patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Phytother. Res., 2019, 33(2), 350-359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6228] [PMID: 30450627]
[24]
Richman, A.; Witkowski, J. Herbs by the numbers. Whole Foods Magazine., 1997., 20,22,24,26,28..
[25]
Lahlou, M. The success of natural products in drug discovery. Pharmacol. Pharm., 2013, 4, 17-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/pp.2013.43A003]
[26]
Dubey, N.K.; Kumar, R.; Tripathi, P. Global promotion of herbal medicine: India’s opportunity. Curr Med., 2004, 86, 37-41.
[27]
Eisenberg, D.M.; Kessler, R.C.; Foster, C.; Norlock, F.E.; Calkins, D.R.; Delbanco, T.L. Unconventional medicine in the United States. Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 328(4), 246-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199301283280406] [PMID: 8418405]
[28]
Beppe, G.J.; Kenko Djoumessie, L.B.; Keugong Wado, E.; Ngatanko Abaïssou, H.H.; Nkwingwa, B.K.; Damo Kamda, J.L.; Nhouma, R.R.; Foyet, H.S. Aqueous root bark extract of Daniellia oliveri (Hutch. & Dalz.) (Fabaceae) protects neurons against diazepam-induced amnesia in mice. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2020, 2020, 7815348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7815348] [PMID: 32774429]
[29]
Newton, C.R.; Garcia, H.H. Epilepsy in poor regions of the world. Lancet, 2012, 380(9848), 1193-1201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6] [PMID: 23021288]
[30]
Harimanana, A.; Clavel, S.; Chivorakul, P.; Perez, F.; Preux, P-M.; Barennes, H. Associated factors with adherence to antiepileptic drug in the capital city of Lao PDR. Epilepsy Res., 2013, 104(1-2), 158-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.008] [PMID: 23182965]
[31]
Moyano, L.M.; Saito, M.; Montano, S.M.; Gonzalvez, G.; Olaya, S.; Ayvar, V.; González, I.; Larrauri, L.; Tsang, V.C.W.; Llanos, F.; Rodríguez, S.; Gonzalez, A.E.; Gilman, R.H.; Garcia, H.H. Cysticercosis working group in Peru. Neurocysticercosis as a cause of epilepsy and seizures in two community-based studies in a cysticercosis-endemic region in Peru. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2014, 8(2), e2692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002692] [PMID: 24551255]
[32]
Eisenberg, D.M. Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies. Ann. Intern. Med., 1997, 127(1), 61-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00010] [PMID: 9214254]
[33]
Ernst, E. Prevalence of use of complementary/alternative medicine: a systematic review. Bull. World Health Organ., 2000, 78(2), 252-257.
[PMID: 10743298]
[34]
Kaufman, D.W.; Kelly, J.P.; Rosenberg, L.; Anderson, T.E.; Mitchell, A.A. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA, 2002, 287(3), 337-344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.3.337] [PMID: 11790213]
[35]
Eisenberg, D.M.; Davis, R.B.; Ettner, S.L.; Appel, S.; Wilkey, S.; Van Rompay, M.; Kessler, R.C. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA, 1998, 280(18), 1569-1575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.18.1569] [PMID: 9820257]
[36]
Bateman, J.; Chapman, R.D.; Simpson, D. Possible toxicity of herbal remedies. Scott. Med. J., 1998, 43(1), 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309804300104] [PMID: 9533252]
[37]
Cragg, G.M.; Newman, D.J.; Snader, K.M. Natural products in drug discovery and development. J. Nat. Prod., 1997, 60(1), 52-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np9604893] [PMID: 9014353]
[38]
Vaidya, A.D.B.; Devasagayam, T.P.A. Current status of herbal drugs in India: an overview. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 2007, 41(1), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2007001] [PMID: 18392106]
[39]
Patwardhan, B.; Vaidya, A.D.B. Natural products drug discovery: accelerating the clinical candidate development using reverse pharmacology approaches. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2010, 48(3), 220-227.
[PMID: 21046974]
[40]
Regesta, G.; Tanganelli, P. Clinical aspects and biological bases of drug-resistant epilepsies. Epilepsy Res., 1999, 34(2-3), 109-122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-1211(98)00106-5] [PMID: 10210025]
[41]
Arroyo, S.; Brodie, M.J.; Avanzini, G.; Baumgartner, C.; Chiron, C.; Dulac, O. Is refractory epilepsy preventable? Epilepsia, 2002, 43(4), 437-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.38501.x]
[42]
Auditeau, E.; Chassagne, F.; Bourdy, G.; Bounlu, M.; Jost, J.; Luna, J.; Ratsimbazafy, V.; Preux, P.M.; Boumediene, F. Herbal medicine for epilepsy seizures in Asia, Africa and Latin America: A systematic review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 234, 119-153.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.049] [PMID: 30610931]
[43]
Chang, H.H.; But, P.P.H. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica; World Scientific Publishing: Singapore, 1986, Vol. 1, pp. 334-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/0284]
[44]
Shukla, P.K.; Khanna, V.K.; Ali, M.M.; Maurya, R.R.; Handa, S.S.; Srimal, R.C. Protective effect of acorus calamus against acrylamide induced neurotoxicity. Phytother. Res., 2002, 16(3), 256-260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.854] [PMID: 12164272]
[45]
Acuña, U.M.; Atha, D.E.; Ma, J.; Nee, M.H.; Kennelly, E.J. Antioxidant capacities of ten edible North American plants. Phytother. Res., 2002, 16(1), 63-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1031] [PMID: 11807968]
[46]
Manikandan, S.; Srikumar, R.; Jeya Parthasarathy, N.; Sheela Devi, R. Protective effect of Acorus calamus LINN on free radical scavengers and lipid peroxidation in discrete regions of brain against noise stress exposed rat. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2005, 28(12), 2327-2330.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.2327] [PMID: 16327175]
[47]
Hazra, R.; Ray, K.; Guha, D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2007, 26(12), 947-953.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107087791] [PMID: 18375638]
[48]
Dandiya, P.C.; Menon, M.K. Effects of asarone and beta-asarone on conditioned responses, fighting behaviour and convulsions. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., 1963, 20, 436-442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1963.tb01480.x] [PMID: 14024874]
[49]
Hazra, R.; Guha, D. Effect of chronic administration of Acorus calamus on electrical activity and regional monoamine levels in rat brain. Biog. Amines, 2003, 17, 161-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939102321781471]
[50]
Hazra, R.; Ray, K.; Guha, D. The role of Acorus calamus in the involvement of monoaminergic and electroencephalographic activities of amygdala kindled rats. Biog. Amines, 2005, 19(3), 177-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939105774288744]
[51]
Liao, J-F.; Huang, S-Y.; Jan, Y-M.; Yu, L-L.; Chen, C-F. Central inhibitory effects of water extract of Acori graminei rhizoma in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1998, 61(3), 185-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00042-7] [PMID: 9705009]
[52]
Tallman, J.F.; Thomas, J.W.; Gallager, D.W. GABAergic modulation of benzodiazepine binding site sensitivity. Nature, 1978, 274(5669), 383-385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/274383a0] [PMID: 27722]
[53]
Karobath, M.; Sperk, G. Stimulation of benzodiazepine receptor binding by gamma-aminobutyric acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1979, 76(2), 1004-1006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.2.1004] [PMID: 284378]
[54]
Cho, J.; Kong, J.Y.; Jeong, D.Y.; Lee, K.D.; Lee, D.U.; Kang, B.S. NMDA recepter-mediated neuroprotection by essential oils from the rhizomes of Acorus gramineus. Life Sci., 2001, 68(13), 1567-1573.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)00944-4] [PMID: 11253173]
[55]
Pahuja, M.; Mehla, J.; Reeta, K.H.; Joshi, S.; Gupta, Y.K. Root extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum ameliorates seizures, seizure-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in experimental animals. Epilepsy Res., 2012, 98(2-3), 157-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.09.006] [PMID: 21993359]
[56]
Crombie, L. Isolation and Structure of an N-isoButyldienediynamide from Pellitory (Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.). Nature, 1954, 174, 832-833.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/174832a0]
[57]
Bendjeddou, D.; Lalaoui, K.; Satta, D. Immunostimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum, Alpinia galanga and Citrullus colocynthis. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2003, 88(2-3), 155-160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00226-5] [PMID: 12963136]
[58]
Singh, H.K.; Dhawan, B.N. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1982, 5(2), 205-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90044-7] [PMID: 7057659]
[59]
Sairam, K.; Dorababu, M.; Goel, R.K.; Bhattacharya, S.K. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine, 2002, 9(3), 207-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00116] [PMID: 12046860]
[60]
Singh, H.K.; Shanker, G.; Patnaik, G.K. Neuropharmacological and anti-stress effects of bacosides: A memory enhancer. Int. J. Pharmacol., 1996, 28(1), 47.
[61]
Singh, H.K.; Dhawan, B.N. Neurophysiological correlates of learning and memory. Lectures in neurobiology; Wiley Eastern Limited, 1992, pp. 178-188.
[62]
Mathew, J.; Peeyush Kumar, T.; Khan, R.S.; Paulose, C.S. Behavioral deficit and decreased GABA receptor functional regulation in the cerebellum of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri and bacoside A. Epilepsy Behav., 2010, 17(4), 441-447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.01.012] [PMID: 20153260]
[63]
Mathew, J.; Paul, J.; Nandhu, M.S.; Paulose, C.S. Increased excitability and metabolism in pilocarpine induced epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia, 2010, 81(6), 546-551.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.01.017] [PMID: 20117182]
[64]
Mathew, J.; Paul, J.; Nandhu, M.S.; Paulose, C.S. Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A for ameliorating epilepsy associated behavioral deficits. Fitoterapia, 2010, 81(5), 315-322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.11.005] [PMID: 19944749]
[65]
Krishnakumar, A.; Nandhu, M.S.; Paulose, C.S. Upregulation of 5-HT2C receptors in hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats: antagonism by Bacopa monnieri. Epilepsy Behav., 2009, 16(2), 225-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.07.031] [PMID: 19700373]
[66]
Nedi, T.; Mekonnen, N.; Urga, K. Diuretic effect of the crude extracts of Carissa edulis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 95(1), 57-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.017] [PMID: 15374607]
[67]
Ibrahim, H. Pharmacognostic and Biological (Analgesic Activity) Studies of Carissa edulis Vahl., Ph.D. Thesis., Ahmadu Bello University: Zaria, Nigeria, 1997., 232.
[68]
Ya’u, J.; Yaro, A.H.; Abubakar, M.S.; Anuka, J.A.; Hussaini, I.M. Anticonvulsant activity of Carissa edulis (Vahl) (Apocynaceae) root bark extract. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2008, 120(2), 255-258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.029] [PMID: 18822365]
[69]
Anonymous, Indian medicinal plants. Orient Longman: Madras, 1995, 2, 129-132.
[70]
Taranalli, A.D.; Cheeramkuzhy, T.C. Influence of clitoria ternatea extracts on memory and central cholinergic activity in rats. Pharm. Biol., 2000, 38(1), 51-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/1388-0209(200001)3811-BFT051] [PMID: 21214440]
[71]
Rai, K.S.; Murthy, K.D.; Karanth, K.S.; Rao, M.S. Clitoria ternatea (Linn) root extract treatment during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2001, 45(3), 305-313.
[PMID: 11881569]
[72]
Jain, N.N.; Ohal, C.C.; Shroff, S.K.; Bhutada, R.H.; Somani, R.S.; Kasture, V.S.; Kasture, S.B. Clitoria ternatea and the CNS. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2003, 75(3), 529-536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00130-8] [PMID: 12895670]
[73]
Toledo, M.C.F.; Reyes, F.G.R.; Iaderoza, M.; Francis, F.J.; Draetta, I.S. Anthocyanins from Anil Trepador (Cissus sicyoides, Linn.). Food Sci., 1983, 48(4), 1368-1369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb09238.x]
[74]
Garcia, M.D.; Saenz, M.T.; Puerta, R.; Quilez, A.; Fernandez, M.A. Antibacterial activity of Agave intermixta and Cissus sicyoides. Fitoterapia, 1999, 70(1), 71-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00009-4]
[75]
Pepato, M.T.; Baviera, A.M.; Vendramini, R.C. Perez, Mda.P.; Kettelhut, Ido.C.; Brunetti, I.L. Cissus sicyoides (princess vine) in the long-term treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 2003, 37(Pt 1), 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BA20020065] [PMID: 12578546]
[76]
Almeida, E.R.D.; Rafael, K.R.D.O.; Couto, G.B.L.; Ishigami, A.B.M. Anxiolytic and Anticonvulsant Effects on Mice of Flavonoids, Linalool, and α-Tocopherol presents in the Extract of Leaves of Cissus sicyoides L.(Vitaceae). BioMed Res. Int., 2009, 2747406..
[77]
Ribeiro, M.C.P.; de Avila, D.S.; Schneider, C.Y.M.; Hermes, F.S.; Furian, A.F.; Oliveira, M.S.; Rubin, M.A.; Lehmann, M.; Krieglstein, J.; Mello, C.F. α-Tocopherol protects against pentylenetetrazol- and methylmalonate-induced convulsions. Epilepsy Res., 2005, 66(1-3), 185-194.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.08.005] [PMID: 16162400]
[78]
Yamamoto, N.; Kabuto, H.; Matsumoto, S.; Ogawa, N.; Yokoi, I. α-Tocopheryl-L-ascorbate-2-O-phosphate diester, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, prevents the occurrence of epileptic foci in a rat model of post-traumatic epilepsy. Pathophysiology, 2002, 8(3), 205-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4680(02)00009-3] [PMID: 12039653]
[79]
Elisabetsky, E.; Coelho de Souza, G.P.; dos Santos, M.A.C.; Siquieira, I.R.; Amador, T.A.; Nunes, D.S. Sedative properties of linalool. Fitoterapia, 1995, 66(5), 407-414.
[80]
Elisabetsky, E.; Marschner, J.; Souza, D.O. Effects of Linalool on glutamatergic system in the rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem. Res., 1995, 20(4), 461-465.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973103] [PMID: 7651584]
[81]
Zargari, A. Medicinal Plants; University Press.: Tehran, 1990, 4, pp. 574-578.
[82]
Rios, J.L.; Recio, M.C.; Giner, R.M.; Manez, S. An update review of saffron and its active constituents. Phytother. Res., 1996, 10(3), 189-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199605)10:3<189:AID-PTR754>3.0.CO;2-C]
[83]
Nair, S.C.; Pannikar, B.; Panikkar, K.R. Antitumour activity of saffron (Crocus sativus). Cancer Lett., 1991, 57(2), 109-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(91)90203-T] [PMID: 2025883]
[84]
Escribano, J.; Alonso, G.L.; Coca-Prados, M.; Fernandez, J.A. Crocin, safranal and picrocrocin from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Lett., 1996, 100(1-2), 23-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(95)04067-6] [PMID: 8620447]
[85]
Bors, W.; Michel, C.; Saran, M. Generation and reactivities of various types of oxygen radicals. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir., 1981, 17(Suppl.), 13-19.
[PMID: 7248566]
[86]
Abe, K.; Saito, H. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother. Res., 2000, 14(3), 149-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200005)14:3<149:AID-PTR665>3.0.CO;2-5] [PMID: 10815004]
[87]
Srivastava, R.; Ahmed, H.; Dixit, R.K.; Saraf, S.A. Crocus sativus L.: a comprehensive review. Pharmacognosy rev., 2010, 4(8), 200.
[88]
Martinez, M. Las Casimiroas de Mexico y Centroam ´ erica. Anales ´ del Instituto de Biolog´ıa de Mexico. 1951, 22, 25-81.
[89]
Rizvi, S.H.; Kapil, R.S.; Shoeb, A. Alkaloids and coumarins of Casimiroa edulis. J. Nat. Prod., 1985, 48(1), 146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50037a032] [PMID: 4009182]
[90]
Molina-Hernández, M.; Tellez-Alcántara, N.P.; García, J.P.; Lopez, J.I.; Jaramillo, M.T. Anxiolytic-like actions of leaves of Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae) in male Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 93(1), 93-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.039] [PMID: 15182911]
[91]
Lozoya, X.; Romero, G.; Olmedo, M.; Bondani, A. [Pharmacodynamics of alcoholic and aqueous extracts from the Casimiroa edulis seed] Arch. Invest. Med. (Mex.), 1977, 8(2), 145-154. [M ´ exico ]
[PMID: 334096]
[92]
Garzón-De la Mora, P.; García-López, P.M.; García-Estrada, J.; Navarro-Ruíz, A.; Villanueva-Michel, T.; Villarreal-de Puga, L.M.; Casillass-Ochoa, J. Casimiroa edulis seed extracts show anticonvulsive properties in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1999, 68(1-3), 275-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00125-7] [PMID: 10624888]
[93]
Shrikumar, S.; Ravi, T.K. In-vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. J. Nat. Rem., 2007, 72, 252-258.
[94]
Chattopadhyay, I.; Biswas, K.; Bandyopadhyay, U.; Banerjee, R.K. Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications. Current Science-Bangalore, 2004, 87, 44-53.
[95]
Ammon, H.P.T.; Wahl, M.A. Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med., 1991, 57(1), 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960004] [PMID: 2062949]
[96]
Reeta, K.H.; Mehla, J.; Pahuja, M.; Gupta, Y.K. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of valproate, phenytoin, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine with curcumin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2011, 99(3), 399-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.011] [PMID: 21641922]
[97]
Sharma, O.P. Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1976, 25(15), 1811-1812.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(76)90421-4] [PMID: 942483]
[98]
Sreejayan; Rao, M.N. Curcuminoids as potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1994, 46(12), 1013-1016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03258.x] [PMID: 7714712]
[99]
Gupta, Y.K.; Briyal, S.; Sharma, M. Protective effect of curcumin against kainic acid induced seizures and oxidative stress in rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2009, 53(1), 39-46.
[PMID: 19810575]
[100]
Mehla, J.; Reeta, K.H.; Gupta, P.; Gupta, Y.K. Protective effect of curcumin against seizures and cognitive impairment in a pentylenetetrazole-kindled epileptic rat model. Life Sci., 2010, 87(19-22), 596-603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.006] [PMID: 20840851]
[101]
Reeta, K.H.; Mehla, J.; Gupta, Y.K. Curcumin is protective against phenytoin-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. Brain Res., 2009, 1301, 52-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.027] [PMID: 19765566]
[102]
Reeta, K.H.; Mehla, J.; Gupta, Y.K. Curcumin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage in phenobarbitone and carbamazepine administered rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2010, 644(1-3), 106-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.07.022] [PMID: 20667451]
[103]
Quintans-Júnior, L.J.; Souza, T.T.; Leite, B.S.; Lessa, N.M.; Bonjardim, L.R.; Santos, M.R.; Alves, P.B.; Blank, A.F.; Antoniolli, A.R. Phythochemical screening and anticonvulsant activity of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Poaceae) leaf essential oil in rodents. Phytomedicine, 2008, 15(8), 619-624.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.018] [PMID: 17976969]
[104]
de Sousa, D.P.; Gonçalves, J.C.R.; Quintans-Júnior, L.; Cruz, J.S.; Araújo, D.A.M.; de Almeida, R.N. Study of anticonvulsant effect of citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, in rodents. Neurosci. Lett., 2006, 401(3), 231-235.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.030] [PMID: 16650577]
[105]
Moshi, M.J.; Kagashe, G.A.; Mbwambo, Z.H. Plants used to treat epilepsy by Tanzanian traditional healers. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005, 97(2), 327-336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.015] [PMID: 15707773]
[106]
Vyawahare, N.S.; Khandelwal, A.R.; Batra, V.R.; Nikam, A.P. Herbal anticonvulsants. J Herbal Med Tox., 2007, 1, 9-14.
[107]
Ratnasooriya, W.D.; Jayakody, J.R.A.C.; Dharmasiri, M.G. An aqueous extract of trunk bark of Ficus religiosa has anxiolytic activity. Med. Sci. Res., 1998, 26, 817-819.
[108]
Vinutha, B.; Prashanth, D.; Salma, K.; Sreeja, S.L.; Pratiti, D.; Padmaja, R.; Radhika, S.; Amit, A.; Venkateshwarlu, K.; Deepak, M. Screening of selected Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2007, 109(2), 359-363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.06.014] [PMID: 16950584]
[109]
Bliebtrau, J.N. The Parable of the Beast; Macmillan Company: New York, 1968, p. 74.
[110]
Bagdy, G.; Kecskemeti, V.; Riba, P.; Jakus, R. Serotonin and epilepsy. J. Neurochem., 2007, 100(4), 857-873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04277.x] [PMID: 17212700]
[111]
Singh, D.; Goel, R.K. Anticonvulsant effect of Ficus religiosa: role of serotonergic pathways. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2009, 123(2), 330-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.042] [PMID: 19429380]
[112]
Umar, K.S.; Patrick, A.O.; Gregory, A.C. Sedative and anticonvulsant effects of aqueous extract of Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae) stembark in rats. Vet. Arh., 2003, 73, 103-110.
[113]
Adjanohoun, J.E.; Aboukakar, N.; Dramane, K.; Ebot, M.E.; Ekpere, J.A.; Enow-Orock, E.G. Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia. Contribution to ethnobotanical and floristic studies in Cameroon. Porto-Novo (Rep. Du Benin): Centre de Production de Manuels Scolaires., 1996.
[114]
Taiwe, G.S.; Moto, F.C.O.; Ayissi, E.R.M.; Ngoupaye, G.T.; Njapdounke, J.S.K.; Nkantchoua, G.C.N.; Kouemou, N.; Omam, J.P.; Kandeda, A.K.; Pale, S.; Pahaye, D.; Ngo Bum, E. Effects of a lyophilized aqueous extract of Feretia apodanthera Del. (Rubiaceae) on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in mice. Epilepsy Behav., 2015, 43, 100-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.11.022] [PMID: 25601583]
[115]
Ojemann, L.M.; Nelson, W.L.; Shin, D.S.; Rowe, A.O.; Buchanan, R.A. Tian ma, an ancient Chinese herb, offers new options for the treatment of epilepsy and other conditions. Epilepsy Behav., 2006, 8(2), 376-383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.12.009] [PMID: 16461011]
[116]
Andersson, M.; Bergendorff, O.; Nielsen, M.; Sterner, O.; Witt, R.; Ai, J.; Lu, A.; Wang, A.M. Inhibition of kainic acid binding to glutamate receptors by extracts of Gastrodia. Phytochemistry, 1995, 38(4), 835-836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00771-K] [PMID: 7766386]
[117]
Hsieh, C.L.; Chang, C.H.; Chiang, S.Y.; Li, T.C.; Tang, N.Y.; Pon, C.Z.; Hsieh, C.T.; Lin, J.G. Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of vanillyl alcohol in ferric chloride-induced epileptic seizures in Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci., 2000, 67(10), 1185-1195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00706-2] [PMID: 10954052]
[118]
Kim, H.J.; Moon, K.D.; Oh, S.Y.; Kim, S.P.; Lee, S.R. Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, a traditional medicinal herb, protects against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in the mouse hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett., 2001, 314(1-2), 65-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02296-0] [PMID: 11698148]
[119]
Ha, J.H.; Lee, D.U.; Lee, J.T.; Kim, J.S.; Yong, C.S.; Kim, J.A.; Ha, J.S.; Huh, K. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2000, 73(1-2), 329-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00313-5] [PMID: 11025174]
[120]
Ha, J.H.; Shin, S.M.; Lee, S.K.; Kim, J.S.; Shin, U.S.; Huh, K.; Kim, J.A.; Yong, C.S.; Lee, N.J.; Lee, D.U. In vitro effects of hydroxybenzaldehydes from Gastrodia elata and their analogues on GABAergic neurotransmission, and a structure-activity correlation. Planta Med., 2001, 67(9), 877-880.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18844] [PMID: 11745032]
[121]
Wu, H.Q.; Xie, L.; Jin, X.N.; Ge, Q.; Jin, H.; Liu, G.Q. [The effect of vanillin on the fully amygdala-kindled seizures in the rat] Yao Xue Xue Bao, 1989, 24(7), 482-486.
[PMID: 2618688]
[122]
Wahab, A.; Ul Haq, R.; Ahmed, A.; Khan, R.A.; Raza, M. Anticonvulsant activities of nutmeg oil of Myristica fragrans. Phytother. Res., 2009, 23(2), 153-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2548] [PMID: 19067329]
[123]
Amabeoku, G. Anticonvulsant activity of Nylandtia spinosa L. Dumont (Polygalaceae) aqueous and methanol leaf extracts in mice. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2008, 27(11), 811-818.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108099538] [PMID: 19244288]
[124]
Dhawan, K.; Dhawan, S.; Sharma, A. Passiflora: a review update. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 94(1), 1-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.023] [PMID: 15261959]
[125]
Dhawan, K.; Kumar, S.; Sharma, A. Suppression of alcohol-cessation-oriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 81(2), 239-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00086-7] [PMID: 12065157]
[126]
Nassiri-Asl, M.; Shariati-Rad, S.; Zamansoltani, F. Anticonvulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2007, 7(1), 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-7-26] [PMID: 17686156]
[127]
Huang, W.H.; Lee, A.R.; Yang, C.H. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of polyhydroxyflavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70(10), 2371-2380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.50698] [PMID: 17031041]
[128]
Zhao, T.H.; Deng, S.H.; Yang, H.S.; Chen, S.P. Study of antibacterial activity of active fraction from stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Chinese Pharmacol Bull., 2007, 23(7), 882.
[129]
XU, S.; Le, W.; Qiao-fang, Y. Antiviral Effect and Mechanism of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi [J]. Chinese Arch Traditional Chinese Med., 2007, 7, 019.
[130]
Zhang, D.Y.; Wu, J.; Ye, F.; Xue, L.; Jiang, S.; Yi, J.; Zhang, W.; Wei, H.; Sung, M.; Wang, W.; Li, X. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by Scutellaria baicalensis. Cancer Res., 2003, 63(14), 4037-4043.
[PMID: 12874003]
[131]
Yune, T.Y.; Lee, J.Y.; Cui, C.M.; Kim, H.C.; Oh, T.H.; Tae, H. Neuroprotective effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on spinal cord injury in rats. J. Neurochem., 2009, 110(4), 1276-1287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06214.x] [PMID: 19519665]
[132]
Hui, K.M.; Huen, M.S.; Wang, H.Y.; Zheng, H.; Sigel, E.; Baur, R.; Ren, H.; Li, Z.W.; Wong, J.T.; Xue, H. Anxiolytic effect of wogonin, a benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2002, 64(9), 1415-1424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(02)01347-3] [PMID: 12392823]
[133]
Park, H.G.; Yoon, S.Y.; Choi, J.Y.; Lee, G.S.; Choi, J.H.; Shin, C.Y.; Son, K.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.K.; Ryu, J.H.; Ko, K.H.; Cheong, J.H. Anticonvulsant effect of wogonin isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 574(2-3), 112-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.011] [PMID: 17692312]
[134]
Wang, H.; Hui, K.M.; Chen, Y.; Xu, S.; Wong, J.T.F.; Xue, H. Structure-activity relationships of flavonoids, isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, binding to benzodiazepine site of GABA(A) receptor complex. Planta Med., 2002, 68(12), 1059-1062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-36357] [PMID: 12494329]
[135]
Wolfson, P.; Hoffmann, D.L. An investigation into the efficacy of Scutellaria lateriflora in healthy volunteers. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 2003, 9(2), 74-78.
[PMID: 12652886]
[136]
Zhang, Z.; Lian, X.Y.; Li, S.; Stringer, J.L. Characterization of chemical ingredients and anticonvulsant activity of American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). Phytomedicine, 2009, 16(5), 485-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.07.011] [PMID: 18786819]
[137]
Gafner, S.; Bergeron, C.; Batcha, L.L.; Reich, J.; Arnason, J.T.; Burdette, J.E.; Pezzuto, J.M.; Angerhofer, C.K. Inhibition of [3H]-LSD binding to 5-HT7 receptors by flavonoids from Scutellaria lateriflora. J. Nat. Prod., 2003, 66(4), 535-537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0205102] [PMID: 12713409]
[138]
Perez, R.M.; Perez, J.A.; Garcia, L.M.; Sossa, H. Neuropharmacological activity of Solanum nigrum fruit. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1998, 62(1), 43-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00059-2] [PMID: 9720610]
[139]
Wannang, N.N.; Anuka, J.A.; Kwanashie, H.O.; Gyang, S.; Auta, A. Anti-seizure activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Solanum nigrum linn (solanaceae) in experimental animals. Afr Health Sci., 2008, 8(2.)
[140]
Kulkarni, S.K.; Dhir, A. Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 32(5), 1093-1105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.09.011] [PMID: 17959291]
[141]
Kulkarni, S.K.; Akula, K.K.; Dhir, A. Effect of Withania somnifera Dunal root extract against pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold in mice: possible involvement of GABAergic system. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2008, 46(6), 465-469.
[PMID: 18697606]
[142]
Lantz, R.C.; Chen, G.J.; Sarihan, M.; Sólyom, A.M.; Jolad, S.D.; Timmermann, B.N. The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production. Phytomedicine, 2007, 14(2-3), 123-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.03.003] [PMID: 16709450]
[143]
Nanjundaiah, S.M.; Annaiah, H.N.; Dharmesh, S.M. Gastroprotective effect of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) extract: role of gallic acid and cinnamic acid in H+, K+-ATPase/H. pylori inhibition and anti-oxidative mechanism.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med; , 2011. , 24948713.
[144]
Shanmugam, K.R.; Mallikarjuna, K.; Kesireddy, N.; Sathyavelu Reddy, K. Neuroprotective effect of ginger on anti-oxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2011, 49(4), 893-897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.013] [PMID: 21184796]
[145]
Hosseini, A.; Mirazi, N. Acute administration of ginger (Zingiber officinale rhizomes) extract on timed intravenous pentylenetetrazol infusion seizure model in mice. Epilepsy Res., 2014, 108(3), 411-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.01.008] [PMID: 24529324]
[146]
Hosseini, A.; Mirazi, N. Alteration of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold by chronic administration of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in male mice. Pharm. Biol., 2015, 53(5), 752-757.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.942789] [PMID: 25609148]
[147]
Pahuja, M.; Mehla, J.; Reeta, K.H.; Joshi, S.; Gupta, Y.K. Hydroalcoholic extract of Zizyphus jujuba ameliorates seizures, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. Epilepsy Behav., 2011, 21(4), 356-363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.05.013] [PMID: 21723789]
[148]
Mills, S. Clinical Research in Complementary Therapies: Principles, Problems and Solutions.Elsevier Science; Lewith, G.T.; Jonas, W.B; Walach, H., Ed.; Churchill Livingstone, 2003, pp. 211-227.
[149]
Li, Q.; Chen, X.Y.; He, L.; Zhou, D. Traditional Chinese medicine for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Rev., 2014, (Issue 3.)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006454.pub3]
[150]
Barbosa, W.L.R. Untersuchung der brasilianischen Arzneipflanze Cissus sicyoides., Ph.D dissertation, Bonn University: Bonn, Germany., 1994.
[151]
Akhondzadeh, S.; Naghavi, H.R.; Vazirian, M.; Shayeganpour, A.; Rashidi, H.; Khani, M. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 2001, 26(5), 363-367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x] [PMID: 11679026]
[152]
Akhondzadeh, S.; Kashani, L.; Mobaseri, M.; Hosseini, S.H.; Nikzad, S.; Khani, M. Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 2001, 26(5), 369-373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00366.x] [PMID: 11679027]
[153]
Vaddadi, K.S. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med., 1981, 6(4), 375-379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-4630(81)90069-0] [PMID: 6269135]
[154]
Kudo, Y.; Oka, J.I.; Yamada, K. Anisatin, a potent GABA antagonist, isolated from Illicium anisatum. Neurosci. Lett., 1981, 25(1), 83-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(81)90105-1] [PMID: 6974321]
[155]
Gordon, W.P.; Forte, A.J.; McMurtry, R.J.; Gal, J.; Nelson, S.D. Hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity of pennyroyal oil and its constituent terpenes in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1982, 65(3), 413-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(82)90387-8] [PMID: 7157374]
[156]
Shannon, M.; McElroy, E.A.; Liebelt, E.L. Toxic seizures in children: case scenarios and treatment strategies. Pediatr. Emerg. Care, 2003, 19(3), 206-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006565-200306000-00017] [PMID: 12813312]
[157]
Oyungu, E.; Kioy, P.G.; Patel, N.B. Proconvulsant effect of khat (Catha edulis) in Sprague dawley rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2009, 121(3), 476-478.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.037] [PMID: 19056477]
[158]
Braca, A.; Fico, G.; Morelli, I.; De Simone, F.; Tomè, F.; De Tommasi, N. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of flavonol glycosides from different Aconitum species. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2003, 86(1), 63-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00043-6] [PMID: 12686443]
[159]
Farombi, E.O.; Ogundipe, O.O.; Samuel Uhunwangho, E.; Adeyanju, M.A.; Olarenwaju Moody, J. Antioxidant properties of extracts from Alchornea laxiflora (Benth) Pax and Hoffman. Phytother. Res., 2003, 17(7), 713-716.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1050] [PMID: 12916064]
[160]
Ashawat, M.S.; Saraf, S.; Saraf, S. In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Centella asiatica, Punica granatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Areca catechu. Res. J. Med. Plant, 2007, 1(1), 13-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2007.13.16]
[161]
Singh, S.; Eapen, S.; D’Souza, S.F. Cadmium accumulation and its influence on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative system in an aquatic plant, Bacopa monnieri L. Chemosphere, 2006, 62(2), 233-246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.017] [PMID: 15993469]
[162]
Masteikova, R.; Bernatoniene, J.; Bernatoniene, R.; Velziene, S. Antiradical activities of the extract of Passiflora incarnate. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ. Drug Res., 2008, 65(5), 577-583.
[PMID: 19051605]
[163]
El Bouzidi, L.; Larhsini, M.; Markouk, M.; Abbad, A.; Hassani, L.; Bekkouche, K. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Withania frutescens. Nat. Prod. Commun., 2011, 6(10), 1447-1450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1100601009] [PMID: 22164779]
[164]
Bum, E.N.; Taiwe, G.S.; Nkainsa, L.A.; Moto, F.C.; Seke Etet, P.F.; Hiana, I.R.; Bailabar, T. Rouyatou; Seyni, P.; Rakotonirina, A.; Rakotonirina, S.V. Validation of anticonvulsant and sedative activity of six medicinal plants. Epilepsy Behav., 2009, 14(3), 454-458.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.12.022] [PMID: 19162225]
[165]
Tang, X.C.; Liu, X.J.; Lu, W.H.; Wang, M.D.; Li, A.L. Studies on the analgesic action and physical dependence of bulleyaconitine A. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica., 1981, 12, 001.
[166]
Karimi, G.; Hosseinzadeh, H.; Khaleghpanah, P. Study of antidepressant effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Crocus sativus in mice. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci., 2001, 4, 11-15.
[167]
Mishra, L.C.; Singh, B.B.; Dagenais, S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern. Med. Rev., 2000, 5(4), 334-346.
[PMID: 10956379]
[168]
Vattanajun, A; Watanabe, H; Tantisira, MH; Tantisira, B Isobolographically additive anticonvulsant activity between Centella asiatica's ethyl acetate fraction and some antiepileptic drugs. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, Chotmaihet thangphaet., 2005, 88, S131-S140.
[169]
Pahuja, M.; Kleekal, T.; Reeta, K.H.; Tripathi, M.; Gupta, Y.K. Interaction profile of Zizyphus jujuba with phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and carbamazepine in maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats. Epilepsy Behav., 2012, 25(3), 368-373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.08.014] [PMID: 23103312]
[170]
Katyal, J.; Sarangal, V.; Gupta, Y.K. Interaction of hydroalcoholic extract of Acorus calamus Linn. with sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2012, 50(1), 51-55.
[PMID: 22279941]
[171]
Thabrew, I.; Munasinghe, J.; Chackrewarthi, S.; Senarath, S. The effects of Cassia auriculata and Cardiospermum halicacabum teas on the steady state blood level and toxicity of carbamazepine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 90(1), 145-150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.040] [PMID: 14698522]
[172]
Yan, ZH Clinical observation for the efficacy of levetiracetam combined with Dingxiantang Chinese herbal medicine in treatment of children with refractory epilepsy. Medical Information (Medicine & Surgery)., 2009, 12(20), 1121-1122.
[173]
Klepser, T.B.; Doucette, W.R.; Horton, M.R.; Buys, L.M.; Ernst, M.E.; Ford, J.K.; Hoehns, J.D.; Kautzman, H.A.; Logemann, C.D.; Swegle, J.M.; Ritho, M.; Klepser, M.E. Assessment of patients’ perceptions and beliefs regarding herbal therapies. Pharmacotherapy, 2000, 20(1), 83-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.1.83.34658] [PMID: 10641978]
[174]
Izzo, A.A. Herb-drug interactions: an overview of the clinical evidence. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 19(1), 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00301.x] [PMID: 15660956]
[175]
Izzo, A.A.; Borrelli, F.; Capasso, R. Herbal medicine: the dangers of drug interaction. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2002, 23(8), 358-391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02059-X] [PMID: 12377575]
[176]
Markowitz, J.S.; DeVane, C.L. The emerging recognition of herb-drug interactions with a focus on St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Psychopharmacol. Bull., 2001, 35(1), 53-64.
[PMID: 12397870]
[177]
Samuels, N.; Finkelstein, Y.; Singer, S.R.; Oberbaum, M. Herbal medicine and epilepsy: proconvulsive effects and interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(3), 373-380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01379.x] [PMID: 17941846]
[178]
Yin, O.Q.P.; Tomlinson, B.; Waye, M.M.Y.; Chow, A.H.L.; Chow, M.S.S. Pharmacogenetics and herb-drug interactions: experience with Ginkgo biloba and omeprazole. Pharmacogenetics, 2004, 14(12), 841-850.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200412000-00007] [PMID: 15608563]
[179]
Chen, L.C.; Chen, Y.F.; Chou, M.H.; Lin, M.F.; Yang, L.L.; Yen, K.Y. Pharmacokinetic interactions between carbamazepine and the traditional Chinese medicine Paeoniae Radix. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2002, 25(4), 532-535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.532] [PMID: 11995940]
[180]
Dandekar, U.P.; Chandra, R.S.; Dalvi, S.S.; Joshi, M.V.; Gokhale, P.C.; Sharma, A.V.; Shah, P.U.; Kshirsagar, N.A. Analysis of a clinically important interaction between phenytoin and Shankhapushpi, an Ayurvedic preparation. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1992, 35(3), 285-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90026-N] [PMID: 1548901]
[181]
Moreira, D.D.; Teixeira, S.S.; Monteiro, M.H.; De-Oliveira, A.C.; Paumgartten, F.J. Traditional use and safety of herbal medicines. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 2014, 24(2), 248-257.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.03.006]
[182]
Wilkinson, G.R. Drug metabolism and variability among patients in drug response. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352(21), 2211-2221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra032424] [PMID: 15917386]
[183]
Crowe, A.; Teoh, Y.K. Limited P-glycoprotein mediated efflux for anti-epileptic drugs. J. Drug Target., 2006, 14(5), 291-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611860600720814] [PMID: 16882549]
[184]
Ishihara, K.; Kushida, H.; Yuzurihara, M.; Wakui, Y.; Yanagisawa, T.; Kamei, H.; Ohmori, S.; Kitada, M. Interaction of drugs and Chinese herbs: pharmacokinetic changes of tolbutamide and diazepam caused by extract of Angelica dahurica. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2000, 52(8), 1023-1029.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357001774750] [PMID: 11007075]
[185]
Gorski, J.C.; Huang, S.M.; Pinto, A.; Hamman, M.A.; Hilligoss, J.K.; Zaheer, N.A.; Desai, M.; Miller, M.; Hall, S.D. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 75(1), 89-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2003.09.013] [PMID: 14749695]
[186]
Garg, S.K.; Kumar, N.; Bhargava, V.K.; Prabhakar, S.K. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1998, 64(3), 286-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90177-1] [PMID: 9757152]
[187]
Kubota, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Tanaka, N.; Nakamura, K.; Kunitomo, M.; Umegaki, K.; Shinozuka, K. Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract weakens the hypnosis action of phenobarbital and its plasma concentration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2004, 56(3), 401-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357022836] [PMID: 15025867]
[188]
Tripathi, M.; Sundaram, R.; Rafiq, M.; Venkataranganna, M.V.; Gopumadhavan, S.; Mitra, S.K. Pharmacokinetic interactions of Mentat with carbamazepine and phenytoin. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 2000, 25(3-4), 223-226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03192318] [PMID: 11420894]
[189]
Chen, L.C.; Chou, M.H.; Lin, M.F.; Yang, L.L. Effects of Paeoniae Radix, a traditional Chinese medicine, on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 2001, 26(4), 271-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00351.x] [PMID: 11493369]
[190]
Jinping, Q.; Peiling, H.; Yawei, L.; Abliz, Z. Effects of the aqueous extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and on liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activity in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2003, 55(8), 1163-1167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357021602] [PMID: 12956908]
[191]
Johne, A.; Perloff, E.S.; Bauer, S.; Schmider, J.; Mai, I.; Brockmöller, J.; Roots, I. Impact of cytochrome P-450 inhibition by cimetidine and induction by carbamazepine on the kinetics of hypericin and pseudohypericin in healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2004, 60(9), 617-622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-004-0823-3] [PMID: 15372129]
[192]
Parveen, A.; Parveen, B.; Parveen, R.; Ahmad, S. Challenges and guidelines for clinical trial of herbal drugs. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci., 2015, 7(4), 329-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.168035] [PMID: 26681895]
[193]
Zhang, J.; Wider, B.; Shang, H.; Li, X.; Ernst, E. Quality of herbal medicines: challenges and solutions. Complement. Ther. Med., 2012, 20(1-2), 100-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004] [PMID: 22305255]
[194]
Rule, F. current Good Manufacturing Practice in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Fed. Regist., 2007, 72, 34752-34958.
[195]
Food and Drug Administration. HHS. Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Final rule. Fed. Regist., 2007, 72(121), 34751-34958.
[PMID: 17674484]
[196]
Angell, M.; Kassirer, J.P. Alternative medicine--the risks of untested and unregulated remedies. N. Engl. J. Med., 1998, 339(12), 839-841.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199809173391210] [PMID: 9738094]
[197]
Johnston, B.A. One-third of nation’s adults use herbal remedies: market estimated at $3.24 billion. HerbalGram, 1997, 40, 49.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy