Abstract
Within the pathophysiology of epilepsy, as a chronic brain disorder, the involvement of neuroinflammation has been extensively implied. Recurrent seizures of epilepsy have been associated with elevated levels of immune mediators that seem to play a pivotal role in triggering them. Neurons, glia, and endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) take part in such inflammatory processes by expressing receptors of associated mediators through autocrine and paracrine stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways. In this milieu, elevated cytokine levels in serum and brain tissue have been reported in patients with an epileptic profile. Noteworthy, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are the proinflammatory cytokines mostly associated, in literature, with the pathogenesis of epilepsies. In this review, we examine the function of these cytokines in connection with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) as potential proinflammatory mediators in the neuropathology of epilepsy.
Keywords: Epilepsy, seizure, neuroinflammation, pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokine.
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:The Potential Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Epilepsy Pathogenesis
Volume: 21 Issue: 10
Author(s): Ali N. Kamali, Zeineb Zian, José M. Bautista, Haleh Hamedifar, Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer, Ramin Hosseinzadeh, Reza Yazdani and Gholamreza Azizi*
Affiliation:
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj,Iran
Keywords: Epilepsy, seizure, neuroinflammation, pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokine.
Abstract: Within the pathophysiology of epilepsy, as a chronic brain disorder, the involvement of neuroinflammation has been extensively implied. Recurrent seizures of epilepsy have been associated with elevated levels of immune mediators that seem to play a pivotal role in triggering them. Neurons, glia, and endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) take part in such inflammatory processes by expressing receptors of associated mediators through autocrine and paracrine stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways. In this milieu, elevated cytokine levels in serum and brain tissue have been reported in patients with an epileptic profile. Noteworthy, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are the proinflammatory cytokines mostly associated, in literature, with the pathogenesis of epilepsies. In this review, we examine the function of these cytokines in connection with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) as potential proinflammatory mediators in the neuropathology of epilepsy.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kamali N. Ali , Zian Zeineb , Bautista M. José , Hamedifar Haleh , Hossein-Khannazer Nikoo , Hosseinzadeh Ramin , Yazdani Reza and Azizi Gholamreza *, The Potential Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Epilepsy Pathogenesis, Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 2021; 21 (10) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530320999201116200940
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530320999201116200940 |
Print ISSN 1871-5303 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 2212-3873 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation
Current Pharmaceutical Design Vascular Stiffness: Measurements, Mechanisms and Implications
Current Vascular Pharmacology Editorial (Thematic Issue: Cell Immunity in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases)
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Virus-Associated Vasculitides: An Update
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Old and New Susceptibility Genes versus Clinical Manifestations
Current Genomics A Simple and Rapid Method for Expression and Purification of Functional TNF-α Using GST Fusion System
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Serum Adiponectin Levels in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever
Protein & Peptide Letters Specific Immune Intervention with Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Current Medicinal Chemistry Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction - implications for Chronic Inflammatory Mechanisms
Current Cardiology Reviews Omalizumab for Asthma: Indications, Off-Label Uses and Future Directions
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Pharmacologic Therapy for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Gains in Clinical Multiple Sclerosis Research
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets From Multiple PAR1 Receptor/Protein Interactions to their Multiple Therapeutic Implications
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Resistin and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of the Current Literature Regarding Clinical and Pathological Relationships
Current Cardiology Reviews Vascular Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: Is Immune System Protective or Bystander?
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Role of Nuclear Receptor PPARα in the Sleep-wake Cycle Modulation. A Tentative Approach for Treatment of Sleep Disorders
Current Drug Delivery The Nephroprotective Effect of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine and Atorvastatin against Imipenem induced Nephrotoxicity
Current Molecular Pharmacology Outcomes of Anticoagulant Therapy with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) and Warfarin for Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO)
Current Vascular Pharmacology Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers as Immunomodulators
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Predictors of Avascular Necrosis in a Cohort of Egyptian Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: Retrospective Two Centers Study
Current Rheumatology Reviews