Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Emerging Role of Angiotensin AT2 Receptor in Anti-Inflammation: An Update

Author(s): Sanket N. Patel, Naureen Fatima, Riyasat Ali and Tahir Hussain*

Volume 26, Issue 4, 2020

Page: [492 - 500] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115092015

Price: $65

Abstract

The hyperactive RAS and inflammation are closely associated. The angiotensin-II/AT1R axis of the RAS has been explored extensively for its role in inflammation and a plethora of pathological conditions. Understanding the role of AT2R in inflammation is an emerging area of research. The AT2R is expressed on a variety of immune and non-immune cells, which upon activation triggers the release of a host of cytokines and has multiple effects that coalesce to anti-inflammation and prevents maladaptive repair. The anti-inflammatory outcomes of AT2R activation are linked to its well-established signaling pathways involving formation of nitric oxide and activation of phosphatases. Collectively, these effects promote cell survival and tissue function. The consideration of AT2R as a therapeutic target requires further investigations.

Keywords: Angiotensin-II type 2 receptor, inflammation, nitric oxide, pathological conditions, maladaptive repair, immune and non-immune cells.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Skorska A, von Haehling S, Ludwig M, et al. The CD4(+) AT2R(+) T cell subpopulation improves post-infarction remodelling and restores cardiac function. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19(8): 1975-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12574] [PMID: 25991381]
[2]
Curato C, Slavic S, Dong J, et al. Identification of noncytotoxic and IL-10-producing CD8+AT2R+ T cell population in response to ischemic heart injury. J Immunol 2010; 185(10): 6286-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0903681] [PMID: 20935205]
[3]
Patel S, Dhande I, Gray EA, Ali Q, Hussain T. Prevention of lipopolysaccharide-induced CD11b+ immune cell infiltration in the kidney: role of AT2 receptors. Biosci Rep 2019; 39(5) BSR20190429
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BSR20190429] [PMID: 31072913]
[4]
Rompe F, Artuc M, Hallberg A, et al. Direct angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation acts anti-inflammatory through epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB. Hypertension 2010; 55(4): 924-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147843] [PMID: 20157051]
[5]
Steckelings UM, Rompe F, Kaschina E, et al. The past, present and future of angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 11(1): 67-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470320309347791] [PMID: 19861348]
[6]
Altarche-Xifró W, Curato C, Kaschina E, et al. Cardiac c-kit+AT2+ cell population is increased in response to ischemic injury and supports cardiomyocyte performance. Stem Cells 2009; 27(10): 2488-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.171] [PMID: 19591228]
[7]
Wan Y, Wallinder C, Plouffe B, et al. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first selective nonpeptide AT2 receptor agonist. J Med Chem 2004; 47(24): 5995-6008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm049715t] [PMID: 15537354]
[8]
Wang C, Wu T, Hu X, et al. Identification and characterization of CD4(+)AT2(+) T lymphocyte population in human thoracic aortic aneurysm. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7(2): 232-41.
[PMID: 25901193]
[9]
Caillon A, Grenier C, Grimaud L, et al. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor activates flow-mediated outward remodelling through T cells-dependent interleukin-17 production. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 112(1): 515-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvw172] [PMID: 27328880]
[10]
Hatta K, Carter AL, Chen Z, et al. Expression of the vasoactive proteins AT1, AT2, and ANP by pregnancy-induced mouse uterine natural killer cells. Reprod Sci 2011; 18(4): 383-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1933719110385136] [PMID: 20959647]
[11]
Ahmed HA, Ishrat T, Pillai B, et al. Angiotensin receptor (AT2R) agonist C21 prevents cognitive decline after permanent stroke in aged animals-A randomized double- blind pre-clinical study. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359: 560-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.010] [PMID: 30296528]
[12]
Castoldi G, di Gioia CRT, Roma F, et al. Activation of angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors prevents myocardial hypertrophy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56(1): 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1220-1] [PMID: 30187136]
[13]
Lange C, Sommerfeld M, Namsolleck P, Kintscher U, Unger T, Kaschina E. AT2R (angiotensin AT2 receptor) agonist, compound 21, prevents abdominal aortic aneurysm progression in the rat. Hypertension 2018; 72(3): e20-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11168] [PMID: 29987108]
[14]
Jurewicz M, McDermott DH, Sechler JM, et al. Human T and natural killer cells possess a functional renin-angiotensin system: further mechanisms of angiotensin II-induced inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18(4): 1093-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006070707] [PMID: 17329576]
[15]
Chaplin DD. Overview of the immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(2)(Suppl. 2): S3-S23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.980] [PMID: 20176265]
[16]
Geering B, Stoeckle C, Conus S, Simon HU. Living and dying for inflammation: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Trends Immunol 2013; 34(8): 398-409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2013.04.002] [PMID: 23665135]
[17]
Yang T, Xu C. Physiology and pathophysiology of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system: an update. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28(4): 1040-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016070734] [PMID: 28255001]
[18]
Ribeiro-Oliveira A Jr, Nogueira AI, Pereira RM, Boas WW, Dos Santos RA, Simões e Silva AC. The renin-angiotensin system and diabetes: an update. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4(4): 787-803.
[PMID: 19065996]
[19]
Okamura A, Rakugi H, Ohishi M, et al. Upregulation of renin-angiotensin system during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. J Hypertens 1999; 17(4): 537-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199917040-00012] [PMID: 10404956]
[20]
Mii A, Shimizu A, Masuda Y, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade inhibits acute glomerular injuries with the alteration of receptor expression. Lab Invest 2009; 89(2): 164-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2008.128 ] [PMID: 19139720]
[21]
Wang D, Hu S, Zhu J, et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor correlates with therapeutic effects of losartan in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17(12): 1577-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12128] [PMID: 24112447]
[22]
Dhande I, Ma W, Hussain T. Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation is anti-inflammatory in lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages via increased interleukin-10 production. Hypertens Res 2015; 38(1): 21-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hr.2014.132] [PMID: 25209104]
[23]
Menk M, Graw JA, von Haefen C, et al. Stimulation of the angiotensin II AT2 receptor is anti-inflammatory in human lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytic cells. Inflammation 2015; 38(4): 1690-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-015-0146-9] [PMID: 25758542]
[24]
Valero-Esquitino V, Lucht K, Namsolleck P, et al. Direct angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation attenuates T-cell and microglia activation and prevents demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128(2): 95-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20130601] [PMID: 25052203]
[25]
Shepherd AJ, Mickle AD, Golden JP, et al. Macrophage angiotensin II type 2 receptor triggers neuropathic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2018; 115(34): E8057-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721815115] [PMID: 30082378]
[26]
Shepherd AJ, Copits BA, Mickle AD, et al. Angiotensin II triggers peripheral macrophage-to-sensory neuron redox crosstalk to elicit pain. J Neurosci 2018; 38(32): 7032-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3542-17.2018] [PMID: 29976627]
[27]
Lapteva N, Nieda M, Ando Y, et al. Expression of renin-angiotensin system genes in immature and mature dendritic cells identified using human cDNA microarray. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285(4): 1059-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.5215] [PMID: 11467860]
[28]
Nahmod KA, Vermeulen ME, Raiden S, et al. Control of dendritic cell differentiation by angiotensin II. FASEB J 2003; 17(3): 491-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0755fje] [PMID: 12514109]
[29]
Nie W, Yan H, Li S, et al. Angiotensin-(1-7) enhances angiotensin II induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46(3): 355-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2008.10.022] [PMID: 19041135]
[30]
Meng Y, Chen C, Liu Y, Tian C, Li HH. Angiotensin II regulates dendritic cells through activation of NF-κB/p65, ERK1/2 and STAT1 pathways. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 42(4): 1550-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000479272] [PMID: 28723692]
[31]
Khan Z, Shen XZ, Bernstein EA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme enhances the oxidative response and bactericidal activity of neutrophils. Blood 2017; 130(3): 328-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-11-752006] [PMID: 28515091]
[32]
Tsai IJ, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Barden A. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis is increased in human neutrophils and platelets by angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300(4): H1194-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00733.2010 ] [PMID: 21239640]
[33]
Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Time to abandon microalbuminuria? Kidney Int 2006; 70(7): 1214-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5001729] [PMID: 16871239]
[34]
Toedebusch R, Belenchia A, Pulakat L. Cell-specific protective signaling induced by the novel AT2R-agonist NP-6A4 on human endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9: 928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00928] [PMID: 30186168]
[35]
Taguchi K, Matsumoto T, Kamata K, Kobayashi T. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-dependent increase in nitric oxide synthase activity in the endothelium of db/db mice is mediated via a MEK pathway. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66(1): 41-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.02.010] [PMID: 22465219]
[36]
Iwai M, Chen R, Li Z, et al. Deletion of angiotensin II type 2 receptor exaggerated atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circulation 2005; 112(11): 1636-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.525550] [PMID: 16145000]
[37]
Dandapat A, Hu CP, Chen J, et al. Over-expression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (agtr2) decreases collagen accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 366(4): 871-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.061] [PMID: 18037370]
[38]
Hu C, Dandapat A, Chen J, et al. Over-expression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (agtr2) reduces atherogenesis and modulates LOX-1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and heme-oxygenase-1 expression. Atherosclerosis 2008; 199(2): 288-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.11.006] [PMID: 18096165]
[39]
Rehman A, Leibowitz A, Yamamoto N, Rautureau Y, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Angiotensin type 2 receptor agonist compound 21 reduces vascular injury and myocardial fibrosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2012; 59(2): 291-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.180158] [PMID: 22184324]
[40]
Wang X, Phillips MI, Mehta JL. LOX-1 and angiotensin receptors, and their interplay. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 25(5): 401-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-011-6331-7] [PMID: 21861069]
[41]
Oberleithner H, Peters W, Kusche-Vihrog K, et al. Salt overload damages the glycocalyx sodium barrier of vascular endothelium. Pflugers Arch 2011; 462(4): 519-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-0999-1] [PMID: 21796337]
[42]
Dhande I, Ali Q, Hussain T. Proximal tubule angiotensin AT2 receptors mediate an anti-inflammatory response via interleukin-10: role in renoprotection in obese rats. Hypertension 2013; 61(6): 1218-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00422] [PMID: 23547236]
[43]
Ali Q, Hussain T. AT2 receptor non-peptide agonist C21 promotes natriuresis in obese Zucker rats. Hypertens Res 2012; 35(6): 654-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hr.2012.13] [PMID: 22297475]
[44]
Carey RM, Padia SH. Angiotensin AT2 receptors: control of renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19(3): 84-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2008.01.003] [PMID: 18294862]
[45]
Savoia C, Tabet F, Yao G, Schiffrin EL. M. R, Touyz RM. Negative regulation of RhoA-Rho kinase by angiotensin II type 2 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells - role in angiotensin II-induced vasodilation in stroke-prone SHR. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1037-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000166845.49850.39] [PMID: 15834290]
[46]
Ali Q, Sabuhi R, Hussain T. High glucose up-regulates angiotensin II subtype 2 receptors via interferon regulatory factor-1 in proximal tubule epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 344(1-2): 65-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-010-0529-z] [PMID: 20596758]
[47]
Abadir PM, Walston JD, Carey RM, Siragy HM, Angiotensin II. Type-2 receptors modulate inflammation through signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 3 phosphorylation and TNFα production. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31(6): 471-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2010.0043] [PMID: 21288138]
[48]
Titze J, Machnik A. Sodium sensing in the interstitium and relationship to hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19(4): 385-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e32833aeb3b] [PMID: 20571401]
[49]
Xie P, Joladarashi D, Dudeja P, Sun L, Kanwar YS. Modulation of angiotensin II-induced inflammatory cytokines by the Epac1-Rap1A-NHE3 pathway: implications in renal tubular pathobiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306(11): F1260-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00069.2014] [PMID: 24553435]
[50]
Matavelli LC, Huang J, Siragy HM. Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation inhibits early renal inflammation in renovascular hypertension. Hypertension 2011; 57(2): 308-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.164202] [PMID: 21189405]
[51]
Gelosa P, Pignieri A, Fändriks L, et al. Stimulation of AT2 receptor exerts beneficial effects in stroke-prone rats: focus on renal damage. J Hypertens 2009; 27(12): 2444-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283311ba1] [PMID: 19680135]
[52]
Braam B, Huang X, Cupples WA, Hamza SM. Understanding the two faces of low-salt intake. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19(6): 49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0744-z] [PMID: 28501983]
[53]
Cao W, Li A, Wang L, et al. A salt-induced reno-cerebral reflex activates renin-angiotensin systems and promotes CKD progression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26(7): 1619-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014050518] [PMID: 25635129]
[54]
Cao W, Zhou QG, Nie J, et al. Albumin overload activates intrarenal renin-angiotensin system through protein kinase C and NADPH oxidase-dependent pathway. J Hypertens 2011; 29(7): 1411-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834786f0] [PMID: 21558957]
[55]
Macconi D, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. Key fibrogenic mediators: old players Renin-angiotensin system. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2014; 4(1): 58-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2014.11] [PMID: 26312151]
[56]
Hakam AC, Hussain T. Renal angiotensin II type-2 receptors are upregulated and mediate the candesartan-induced natriuresis/diuresis in obese zucker rats. Hypertension 2005; 45(2): 270-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000151622.47814.6f] [PMID: 15596573]
[57]
Sabuhi R, Ali Q, Asghar M, Al-Zamily NR, Hussain T. Role of the angiotensin II AT2 receptor in inflammation and oxidative stress: opposing effects in lean and obese zucker rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300(3): F700-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00616.2010] [PMID: 21209001]
[58]
Patel SN, Ali Q, Hussain T. Angiotensin II type 2-receptor agonist C21 reduces proteinuria and oxidative stress in kidney of high-salt-fed obese zucker rats. Hypertension 2016; 67(5): 906-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06881] [PMID: 27021008]
[59]
Siragy HM, Xue C, Abadir P, Carey RM. Angiotensin subtype-2 receptors inhibit renin biosynthesis and angiotensin II formation. Hypertension 2005; 45(1): 133-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000149105.75125.2a] [PMID: 15534073]
[60]
Kemp BA, Howell NL, Gildea JJ, Keller SR, Padia SH, Carey RM. AT receptor activation induces natriuresis and lowers blood pressure. Circ Res 2014; 115(3): 388-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.304110] [PMID: 24903104]
[61]
Ali Q, Patel S, Hussain T. Angiotensin AT2 receptor agonist prevents salt-sensitive hypertension in obese zucker rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308(12): F1379-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00002.2015] [PMID: 25855512]
[62]
Matavelli LC, Zatz R, Siragy HM. A nonpeptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist prevents renal inflammation in early diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 65(4): 371-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000207] [PMID: 25590749]
[63]
Sakai N, Wada T, Matsushima K, et al. The renin-angiotensin system contributes to renal fibrosis through regulation of fibrocytes. J Hypertens 2008; 26(4): 780-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f3e9e6] [PMID: 18327089]
[64]
Kaschina E, Grzesiak A, Li J, et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation: a novel option of therapeutic interference with the renin-angiotensin system in myocardial infarction? Circulation 2008; 118(24): 2523-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.784868] [PMID: 19029468]
[65]
Liu BC, Tang TT, Lv LL. How tubular epithelial cell injury contributes to renal fibrosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1165: 233-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_11] [PMID: 31399968]
[66]
Buckley ST, Medina C, Ehrhardt C. Differential susceptibility to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar, bronchial and intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and the effect of angiotensin II receptor inhibition. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342(1): 39-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-010-1029-x] [PMID: 20848133]
[67]
Rüster C, Wolf G. Angiotensin II as a morphogenic cytokine stimulating renal fibrogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22(7): 1189-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010040384] [PMID: 21719784]
[68]
Guo HL, Liao XH, Liu Q, Zhang L. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor decreases transforming growth factor-β type II receptor expression and function in human renal proximal tubule cells. PLoS One 2016; 11(2)e0148696
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148696] [PMID: 26867007]
[69]
Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature 2005; 436(7047): 112-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03712] [PMID: 16001071]
[70]
Wagenaar GT, Laghmani H, Fidder M, et al. Agonists of MAS oncogene and angiotensin II type 2 receptors attenuate cardiopulmonary disease in rats with neonatal hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305(5): L341-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00360.2012] [PMID: 23812633]
[71]
Baraldi E, Filippone M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(19): 1946-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra067279] [PMID: 17989387]
[72]
Iwai M, Liu HW, Chen R, et al. Possible inhibition of focal cerebral ischemia by angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation. Circulation 2004; 110(7): 843-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000138848.58269.80] [PMID: 15289370]
[73]
McCarthy CA, Vinh A, Broughton BR, Sobey CG, Callaway JK, Widdop RE. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation initiated after stroke causes neuroprotection in conscious rats. Hypertension 2012; 60(6): 1531-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.199646] [PMID: 23090772]
[74]
McCarthy CA, Vinh A, Callaway JK, Widdop RE. Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation causes neuroprotection in a conscious rat model of stroke. Stroke 2009; 40(4): 1482-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531509] [PMID: 19246705]
[75]
McCarthy CA, Vinh A, Miller AA, et al. Direct angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation using a novel AT2 receptor agonist, compound 21, evokes neuroprotection in conscious hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2014; 9(4)e95762
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095762] [PMID: 24752645]
[76]
Min LJ, Mogi M, Tsukuda K, et al. Direct stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor initiated after stroke ameliorates ischemic brain damage. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27(8): 1036-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpu015] [PMID: 24572705]
[77]
Wang G, Coleman CG, Glass MJ, et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-coupled nitric oxide production modulates free radical availability and voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in NTS neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302(9): R1076-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00571.2011] [PMID: 22378773]
[78]
Bhat SA, Sood A, Shukla R, Hanif K. AT2R activation prevents microglia pro-inflammatory activation in a NOX-dependent manner: inhibition of PKC activation and p47(phox) phosphorylation by PP2A. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56(4): 3005-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1272-9] [PMID: 30076526]
[79]
Umschweif G, Shabashov D, Alexandrovich AG, Trembovler V, Horowitz M, Shohami E. Neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury in heat-acclimated mice involves induced neurogenesis and activation of angiotensin receptor type 2 signaling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34(8): 1381-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.93] [PMID: 24849663]
[80]
Mateos L, Perez-Alvarez MJ, Wandosell F. Angiotensin II type-2 receptor stimulation induces neuronal VEGF synthesis after cerebral ischemia. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1862(7): 1297-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.013] [PMID: 27045356]
[81]
Joseph JP, Mecca AP, Regenhardt RW, et al. The angiotensin type 2 receptor agonist Compound 21 elicits cerebroprotection in endothelin-1 induced ischemic stroke. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81: 134-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.044] [PMID: 24508710]
[82]
Ludwig M, Skorska A, Tölk A, et al. Characterization of ion currents of murine CD117(pos) stem cells in vitro and their modulation under AT2 R stimulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208(3): 274-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apha.12115] [PMID: 23648269]
[83]
Du M, Schmull S, Zhang W, et al. c-kit(+)AT2R(+) bone marrow mononuclear cell subset is a superior subset for cardiac protection after myocardial infarction. Stem Cells Int 2016; 20164913515
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4913515] [PMID: 27429622]
[84]
Xu Y, Hu X, Wang L, et al. Preconditioning via angiotensin type 2 receptor activation improves therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cells for cardiac repair. PLoS One 2013; 8(12)e82997
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082997] [PMID: 24340072]
[85]
Xu XP, Huang LL, Hu SL, et al. Genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing angiotensin II Type 2 receptor increases cell migration to injured lung in lps-induced acute lung injury mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7(10): 721-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.17-0279] [PMID: 30133167]
[86]
Xu XP, He HL, Hu SL, et al. Ang II-AT2R increases mesenchymal stem cell migration by signaling through the FAK and RhoA/Cdc42 pathways in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8(1): 164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0617-z] [PMID: 28697804]
[87]
Verma A, Zhu P, de Kloet A, Krause E, Sumners C, Li Q. Angiotensin receptor expression revealed by reporter mice and beneficial effects of AT2R agonist in retinal cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187107770
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2019.107770] [PMID: 31449794]
[88]
Stegbauer J, Lee DH, Seubert S, et al. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106(35): 14942-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903602106] [PMID: 19706425]
[89]
Lanz TV, Ding Z, Ho PP, et al. Angiotensin II sustains brain inflammation in mice via TGF-beta. J Clin Invest 2010; 120(8): 2782-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI41709] [PMID: 20628203]
[90]
Terenzi R, Manetti M, Rosa I, et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) as a novel modulator of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 13293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13746-w] [PMID: 29038523]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
47
8
World Health Day
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy