Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Letters in Drug Design & Discovery

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1808
ISSN (Online): 1875-628X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Current Frontiers

Coffee, Caffeine and Cognition: a Benefit or Disadvantage?

Author(s): Jiri Patocka, Zdenka Navratilova, Ondrej Krejcar and Kamil Kuca*

Volume 16, Issue 10, 2019

Page: [1146 - 1156] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190620142158

Abstract

Coffee, one of the world’s most consumed products, is extracted from the roasted seeds of Coffea sp., a plant native to Africa. The effects of coffee on the human body have been recognized for centuries and have now become the subject of systematic research. Caffeine’s impact on a person’s cognitive ability was reviewed through a large set of literature related to the subject. Learning and memory tasks are not typically influenced by caffeine when it comes to performance. However, in some cases, it has been used to produce inhibitory or facilitatory effects on learning and/or memory. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks involving the working memory, but it has been seen that tasks that rely on working memory may be hindered because of it. Moreover, caffeine can augment the performance of memory during times where a person’s alertness is suboptimal at best. However, a large body of research points to an improvement in reaction time. Consuming it has little to no impact on long-term memory. Caffeine can be taken as a mild stimulant, proven by its effect on performance in the context of subjects who are tired or fatigued. In some cases, it has been observed that caffeine prevents cognitive decline, specifically when it comes to healthy subjects; however, these results are heterogeneous at best. While drinking coffee positively influences both physical and mental capacity, caffeine cannot and should not be viewed as an “absolute” enhancer of cognitive function. Existing literature shows that the impact it causes on an individual is complex, and can alter, for example, anxiety, performance and arousal.

Keywords: Coffee, caffeine, pharmacology, cognition, memory, mood, vigilance, attention, alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Hattox, R.S. Coffee and coffeehouses: The origins of a social beverage in the medieval Near East; University of Washington Press, 2014.
[2]
Panza, F.; Solfrizzi, V.; Barulli, M.R.; Bonfiglio, C.; Guerra, V.; Osella, A.; Seripa, D.; Sabbà, C.; Pilotto, A.; Logroscino, G. Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and prevention of late-life cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 2015, 19(3), 313-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0563-8] [PMID: 25732217]
[3]
Petrikova, V.; Patocka, J. Coffee from the view of toxicologist. Vojen. Zdrav. Listy, 2006, 75, 120-125.
[4]
Clark, I.; Landolt, H.P. Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med. Rev., 2017, 31, 70-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.006] [PMID: 26899133]
[5]
Gonzalez de Mejia, E.; Ramirez-Mares, M.V. Impact of caffeine and coffee on our health. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2014, 25(10), 489-492.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.003] [PMID: 25124982]
[6]
Wierzejska, R. Can coffee consumption lower the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease? A literature review. Arch. Med. Sci., 2017, 13(3), 507-514.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.63599] [PMID: 28507563]
[7]
D’Amicis, A.; Viani, R. The consumption of coffee.Caffeine, Coffee and Health; Garattini, S., Ed.; Raven Press: New York, 1993, pp. 1-16.
[8]
Debry, G. Coffee and Health; Libbey: Paris, 1994.
[9]
Colton, T.; Gosselin, R.E.; Smith, R.P. The tolerance of coffee drinkers to caffeine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1968, 9(1), 31-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt19689131] [PMID: 5638095]
[10]
Barone, J.J.; Roberts, H.R. Caffeine consumption. Food Chem. Toxicol., 1996, 34(1), 119-129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(95)00093-3] [PMID: 8603790]
[11]
Viani, R. Caffeine consumption. Proceedings of the Caffeine Workshop, Thai FDA and ILSI Bangkok, Thailand1996.
[12]
Runge, F.F. Neueste phytochemische Entdeckungen zur Begründung einer wissenschaftlichen Phytochemie; G. Reimer: Berlin, 1820, pp. 144-159.
[13]
Nehlig, A. Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 1999, 23(4), 563-576.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(98)00050-5] [PMID: 10073894]
[14]
Pohanka, M. The perspective of caffeine and caffeine derived compounds in therapy. Bratisl. Lek Listy, 2015, 116(9), 520-530.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/BLL_2015_106] [PMID: 26435014]
[15]
Blanchard, J.; Sawers, S.J.A. Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly men. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm., 1983, 11(2), 109-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061844] [PMID: 6886969]
[16]
Blanchard, J.; Sawers, S.J.A. The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1983, 24(1), 93-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613933] [PMID: 6832208]
[17]
Bonati, M.; Latini, R.; Galletti, F.; Young, J.F.; Tognoni, G.; Garattini, S. Caffeine disposition after oral doses. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1982, 32(1), 98-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1982.132] [PMID: 7083737]
[18]
Bonati, M.; Latini, R.; Tognoni, G.; Young, J.F.; Garattini, S. Interspecies comparison of in vivo caffeine pharmacokinetics in man, monkey, rabbit, rat, and mouse. Drug Metab. Rev., 1984-1985, 15(7), 1355-1383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03602538409029964] [PMID: 6543526]
[19]
Newton, R.; Broughton, L.J.; Lind, M.J.; Morrison, P.J.; Rogers, H.J.; Bradbrook, I.D. Plasma and salivary pharmacokinetics of caffeine in man. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1981, 21(1), 45-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609587] [PMID: 7333346]
[20]
McCall, A.L.; Millington, W.R.; Wurtman, R.J. Blood-brain barrier transport of caffeine: Dose-related restriction of adenine transport. Life Sci., 1982, 31(24), 2709-2715.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(82)90715-9] [PMID: 7154859]
[21]
Chen, X.; Gawryluk, J.W.; Wagener, J.F.; Ghribi, O.; Geiger, J.D. Caffeine blocks disruption of blood brain barrier in a rabbit model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neuroinflammation, 2008, 5, 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-5-12] [PMID: 18387175]
[22]
Chen, X.; Ghribi, O.; Geiger, J.D. Caffeine protects against disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in animal models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2010, 20(Suppl. 1), S127-S141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1376] [PMID: 20164568]
[23]
Agim, Z.S.; Cannon, J.R. Dietary factors in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.2015672838
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/672838] [PMID: 25688361]
[24]
Magkos, F.; Kavouras, S.A. Caffeine use in sports, pharmacokinetics in man, and cellular mechanisms of action. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2005, 45(7-8), 535-562.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040-830491379245] [PMID: 16371327]
[25]
Balogh, A.; Harder, S.; Vollandt, R.; Staib, A.H. Intra-individual variability of caffeine elimination in healthy subjects. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol., 1992, 30(10), 383-387.
[PMID: 1304170]
[26]
Caraco, Y.; Zylber-Katz, E.; Berry, E.M.; Levy, M. Caffeine pharmacokinetics in obesity and following significant weight reduction. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 1995, 19(4), 234-239.
[PMID: 7627246]
[27]
Mahr, G.; Sörgel, F.; Granneman, G.R.; Kinzig, M.; Muth, P.; Patterson, K.; Fuhr, U.; Nickel, P.; Stephan, U. Effects of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 1992, 22(Suppl. 1), 90-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199200221-00015] [PMID: 1319876]
[28]
Anonymous, Grapefruit and drug interactions. Prescrire Int., 2012, 21(133), 294-295, 297-298.
[PMID: 23373097]
[29]
Maish, W.A.; Hampton, E.M.; Whitsett, T.L.; Shepard, J.D.; Lovallo, W.R. Influence of grapefruit juice on caffeine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacotherapy, 1996, 16(6), 1046-1052.
[PMID: 8947977]
[30]
Bich, L.; Damiano, L. Life, autonomy and cognition: an organizational approach to the definition of the universal properties of life. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 2012, 42(5), 389-397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-012-9300-7] [PMID: 23065409]
[31]
Repovs, G.; Baddeley, A. The multi-component model of working memory: explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, 2006, 139(1), 5-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061] [PMID: 16517088]
[32]
Reed, S.K. Cognition. Theory and Applications, 6th ed; Thompson: Belmont, USA, 2004.
[33]
Stafford, L.D.; Rusted, J.; Yeomans, M.R. Caffeine, mood and performance: a selective review.Caffeine and the activation theory. Effects on health and behavior; Smith, B.D.; Gupta, U; Gupta, B.S., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 283-309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420006568.ch11]
[34]
Loke, W.H. Effects of caffeine on mood and memory. Physiol. Behav., 1988, 44(3), 367-372.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(88)90039-X] [PMID: 3222359]
[35]
Loke, W.H.; Hinrichs, J.V.; Ghoneim, M.M. Caffeine and diazepam: separate and combined effects on mood, memory, and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1985, 87(3), 344-350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432719] [PMID: 3936091]
[36]
Loke, W.H. The effects of caffeine and automaticity on a visual information processing task. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 1992, 7, 379-388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.470070603]
[37]
Foreman, N.; Barraclough, S.; Moore, C.; Mehta, A.; Madon, M. High doses of caffeine impair performance of a numerical version of the Stroop task in men. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1989, 32(2), 399-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90169-X] [PMID: 2726998]
[38]
Gupta, U. Differential effects of caffeine on free recall after semantic and rhyming tasks in high and low impulsives. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1991, 105(1), 137-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02316878] [PMID: 1745707]
[39]
Smith, A.P.; Kendrick, A.M.; Maben, A.L. Effects of breakfast and caffeine on performance and mood in the late morning and after lunch. Neuropsychobiology, 1992, 26(4), 198-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000118920] [PMID: 1299795]
[40]
Smith, A.; Maben, A.; Brockman, P. Effects of evening meals and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and cardiovascular functioning. Appetite, 1994, 22(1), 57-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1994.1005] [PMID: 8172490]
[41]
Smith, A.P.; Maben, A.; Brockman, P. The effects of caffeine and evening meals on sleep and performance, mood and cardiovascular functioning the following day. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford), 1993, 7(2), 203-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026988119300700209] [PMID: 22290668]
[42]
Smith, A.P. Caffeine, performance, mood and status of reduced alertness. Pharmacopsychoecol., 1994, 7, 75-86.
[43]
Smith, A.P.; Brockman, P.; Flynn, R.; Maben, A.; Thomas, M. Investigation of the effects of coffee on alertness and performance during the day and night. Neuropsychobiology, 1993, 27(4), 217-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000118984] [PMID: 8232842]
[44]
Smith, A.P.; Rusted, J.M.; Savory, M.; Eaton-Williams, P.; Hall, S.R. The effects of caffeine, impulsivity and time of day on performance, mood and cardiovascular function. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford), 1991, 5(2), 120-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026988119100500205] [PMID: 22282363]
[45]
Warburton, D.M. Effects of caffeine on cognition and mood without caffeine abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1995, 119(1), 66-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246055] [PMID: 7675951]
[46]
Wright, K.P., Jr; Badia, P.; Myers, B.L.; Plenzler, S.C. Combination of bright light and caffeine as a countermeasure for impaired alertness and performance during extended sleep deprivation. J. Sleep Res., 1997, 6(1), 26-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00022.x] [PMID: 9125696]
[47]
Hindmarch, I.; Quinlan, P.T.; Moore, K.L.; Parkin, C. The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1998, 139(3), 230-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050709] [PMID: 9784078]
[48]
James, J.E. Acute and chronic effects of caffeine on performance, mood, headache, and sleep. Neuropsychobiology, 1998, 38(1), 32-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000026514] [PMID: 9701720]
[49]
Rees, K.; Allen, D.; Lader, M. The influences of age and caffeine on psychomotor and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1999, 145(2), 181-188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051047] [PMID: 10463319]
[50]
Kelemen, W.L.; Creeley, C.E. Caffeine (4 mg/kg) influences sustained attention and delayed free recall but not memory predictions. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2001, 16(4), 309-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.287] [PMID: 12404566]
[51]
Schmitt, J.A.; Hogervorst, E.; Vuurman, E.F.; Jolles, J.; Riedel, W.J. Memory functions and focussed attention in middle-aged and elderly subjects are unaffected by a low, acute dose of caffeine. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 2003, 7(5), 301-303.
[PMID: 12917744]
[52]
Oei, A.; Hartley, L.R. The effects of caffeine and expectancy on attention and memory. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2005, 20(3), 193-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.681] [PMID: 15742338]
[53]
Arnold, M.E.; Petros, T.V.; Beckwith, B.E.; Coons, G.; Gorman, N. The effects of caffeine, impulsivity, and sex on memory for word lists. Physiol. Behav., 1987, 41(1), 25-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90126-0] [PMID: 3685150]
[54]
Smith, B.D.; Davidson, R.A.; Green, R.L. Effects of caffeine and gender on physiology and performance: Further tests of a biobehavioral model. Physiol. Behav., 1993, 54(3), 415-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(93)90229-9] [PMID: 8415931]
[55]
Barraclough, S.; Foreman, N. Factors influencing recall of supraspan word lists: Caffeine dose and introversion. Pharmacopsychoecolog., 1994, 7, 229-236.
[56]
Riedel, W.; Hogervorst, E.; Leboux, R.; Verhey, F.; van Praag, H.; Jolles, J. Caffeine attenuates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1995, 122(2), 158-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246090] [PMID: 8848531]
[57]
Rogers, P.J.; Dernoncourt, C. Regular caffeine consumption: a balance of adverse and beneficial effects for mood and psychomotor performance. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1998, 59(4), 1039-1045.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00515-7] [PMID: 9586865]
[58]
Ryan, L.; Hatfield, C.; Hofstetter, M. Caffeine reduces time-of-day effects on memory performance in older adults. Psychol. Sci., 2002, 13(1), 68-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00412] [PMID: 11892781]
[59]
Smith, A.P. Caffeine, extraversion and working memory. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford), 2013, 27(1), 71-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881112460111] [PMID: 23015541]
[60]
Erikson, G.C.; Hager, L.B.; Houseworth, C.; Dungan, J.; Petros, T.; Beckwith, B.E. The effects of caffeine on memory for word lists. Physiol. Behav., 1985, 35(1), 47-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(85)90170-2] [PMID: 4059400]
[61]
Terry, W.S.; Phifer, B. Caffeine and memory performance on the AVLT. J. Clin. Psychol., 1986, 42(6), 860-863.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198611)42:6<860:AID-JCLP2270420604>3.0.CO;2-T] [PMID: 3805299]
[62]
Lorist, M.M.; Snel, J.; Kok, A.; Mulder, G. Acute effects of caffeine on selective attention and visual search processes. Psychophysiology, 1996, 33(4), 354-361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01059.x] [PMID: 8753934]
[63]
Lorist, M.M.; Snel, J.; Kok, A.; Mulder, G. Influence of caffeine on selective attention in well-rested and fatigued subjects. Psychophysiology, 1994, 31(6), 525-534.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02345.x] [PMID: 7846213]
[64]
Lorist, M.M.; Snel, J.; Mulder, G.; Kok, A. Aging, caffeine, and information processing: an event-related potential analysis. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1995, 96(5), 453-467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(95)00069-5] [PMID: 7555918]
[65]
Kenemans, J.L.; Verbaten, M.N. Caffeine and visuo-spatial attention. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1998, 135(4), 353-360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050522] [PMID: 9539259]
[66]
Weiss, B.; Laties, V.G. Enhancement of human performance by caffeine and the amphetamines. Pharmacol. Rev., 1962, 14, 1-36.
[PMID: 14005855]
[67]
Humphreys, M.S.; Revelle, W. Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing. Psychol. Rev., 1984, 91(2), 153-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.2.153] [PMID: 6571423]
[68]
Smith, A.P.; Clark, R.; Gallagher, J. Breakfast cereal and caffeinated coffee: effects on working memory, attention, mood, and cardiovascular function. Physiol. Behav., 1999, 67(1), 9-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00025-6] [PMID: 10463623]
[69]
Kaplan, G.B.; Greenblatt, D.J.; Ehrenberg, B.L.; Goddard, J.E.; Cotreau, M.M.; Harmatz, J.S.; Shader, R.I. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1997, 37(8), 693-703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04356.x] [PMID: 9378841]
[70]
Anderson, K.; Revelle, W. The interactive effects of caffeine, impulsivity and task demands on visual search task. Personal. Ind. Diff., 1983, 4, 127-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(83)90011-9]
[71]
Herz, R.S. Caffeine effects on mood and memory. Behav. Res. Ther., 1999, 37(9), 869-879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00190-9] [PMID: 10458050]
[72]
Borota, D.; Murray, E.; Keceli, G.; Chang, A.; Watabe, J.M.; Ly, M.; Toscano, J.P.; Yassa, M.A. Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nat. Neurosci., 2014, 17(2), 201-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3623] [PMID: 24413697]
[73]
Holtzman, S.G.; Mante, S.; Minneman, K.P. Role of adenosine receptors in caffeine tolerance. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1991, 256(1), 62-68.
[PMID: 1846425]
[74]
Ribeiro, J.A.; Sebastião, A.M. Caffeine and adenosine. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2010, 20(Suppl. 1), S3-S15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1379] [PMID: 20164566]
[75]
Smits, P.; Boekema, P.; De Abreu, R.; Thien, T.; van ’t Laar, A. Evidence for an antagonism between caffeine and adenosine in the human cardiovascular system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1987, 10(2), 136-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-198708000-00002] [PMID: 2441163]
[76]
Volkow, N.D.; Wang, G.J.; Logan, J.; Alexoff, D.; Fowler, J.S.; Thanos, P.K.; Wong, C.; Casado, V.; Ferre, S.; Tomasi, D. Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain. Transl. Psychiatry, 2015. 5e549
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.46] [PMID: 25871974]
[77]
Namdar, M.; Schepis, T.; Koepfli, P.; Gaemperli, O.; Siegrist, P.T.; Grathwohl, R.; Valenta, I.; Delaloye, R.; Klainguti, M.; Wyss, C.A.; Lüscher, T.F.; Kaufmann, P.A. Caffeine impairs myocardial blood flow response to physical exercise in patients with coronary artery disease as well as in age-matched controls. PLoS One, 2009, 4(5)e5665
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005665] [PMID: 19479069]
[78]
Cameron, O.G.; Modell, J.G.; Hariharan, M. Caffeine and human cerebral blood flow: a positron emission tomography study. Life Sci., 1990, 47(13), 1141-1146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(90)90174-P] [PMID: 2122148]
[79]
Riou, L.M.; Ruiz, M.; Rieger, J.M.; Macdonald, T.L.; Watson, D.D.; Linden, J.; Beller, G.A.; Glover, D.K. Influence of propranolol, enalaprilat, verapamil, and caffeine on adenosine A(2A)-receptor-mediated coronary vasodilation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2002, 40(9), 1687-1694.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02372-0] [PMID: 12427424]
[80]
Svenningsson, P.; Nomikos, G.G.; Fredholm, B.B. The stimulatory action and the development of tolerance to caffeine is associated with alterations in gene expression in specific brain regions. J. Neurosci., 1999, 19(10), 4011-4022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-04011.1999] [PMID: 10234030]
[81]
Svenningsson, P.; Nomikos, G.G.; Ongini, E.; Fredholm, B.B. Antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors underlies the behavioural activating effect of caffeine and is associated with reduced expression of messenger RNA for NGFI-A and NGFI-B in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience, 1997, 79(3), 753-764.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00046-8] [PMID: 9219939]
[82]
Rogers, P.J.; Heatherley, S.V.; Mullings, E.L.; Smith, J.E. Faster but not smarter: effects of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on alertness and performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2013, 226(2), 229-240.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2889-4] [PMID: 23108937]
[83]
Chen, J.F.; Eltzschig, H.K.; Fredholm, B.B. Adenosine receptors as drug targets-what are the challenges? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2013, 12(4), 265-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3955] [PMID: 23535933]
[84]
Chiu, G.S.; Freund, G.G. Modulation of neuroimmunity by adenosine and its receptors: metabolism to mental illness. Metabolism, 2014, 63(12), 1491-1498.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.09.003] [PMID: 25308443]
[85]
Yamada, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Kanda, T. Involvement of adenosine A2A receptors in depression and anxiety. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 2014, 119, 373-393.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801022-8.00015-5] [PMID: 25175973]
[86]
Ishide, N. Intracellular calcium modulators for cardiac muscle in pathological conditions. Jpn. Heart J., 1996, 37(1), 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.37.1] [PMID: 8632617]
[87]
Ganitkevich, V.Ya. Isenberg, G. Caffeine-induced release and reuptake of Ca2+ by Ca2+ stores in myocytes from guinea-pig urinary bladder. J. Physiol., 1992, 458, 99-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019408] [PMID: 1284569]
[88]
Umemura, T.; Ueda, K.; Nishioka, K.; Hidaka, T.; Takemoto, H.; Nakamura, S.; Jitsuiki, D.; Soga, J.; Goto, C.; Chayama, K.; Yoshizumi, M.; Higashi, Y. Effects of acute administration of caffeine on vascular function. Am. J. Cardiol., 2006, 98(11), 1538-1541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.058] [PMID: 17126666]
[89]
Chesley, A.; Hultman, E.; Spriet, L.L. Effects of epinephrine infusion on muscle glycogenolysis during intense aerobic exercise. Am. J. Physiol., 1995, 268(1 Pt 1), E127-E134.
[PMID: 7840170]
[90]
Graham, T.E. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Med., 2001, 31(11), 785-807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002] [PMID: 11583104]
[91]
Fredholm, B.B.; Bättig, K.; Holmén, J.; Nehlig, A.; Zvartau, E.E. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol. Rev., 1999, 51(1), 83-133.
[PMID: 10049999]
[92]
Nehlig, A.; Daval, J.L.; Debry, G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 1992, 17(2), 139-170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B] [PMID: 1356551]
[93]
Smith, A. Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2002, 40(9), 1243-1255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0] [PMID: 12204388]
[94]
Ruxton, C.H.S. The impact of caffeine on mood, cognitive function, performance and hydration: a review of benefits and risks. Nutr. Bull., 2008, 33, 15-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00665.x]
[95]
James, J.E.; Rogers, P.J. Effects of caffeine on performance and mood: withdrawal reversal is the most plausible explanation. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2005, 182(1), 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0084-6] [PMID: 16001109]
[96]
Belenky, G.; Wesensten, N.J.; Thorne, D.R.; Thomas, M.L.; Sing, H.C.; Redmond, D.P.; Russo, M.B.; Balkin, T.J. Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. J. Sleep Res., 2003, 12(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00337.x] [PMID: 12603781]
[97]
Thomas, M.; Sing, H.; Belenky, G.; Holcomb, H.; Mayberg, H.; Dannals, R.; Wagner, H.; Thorne, D.; Popp, K.; Rowland, L.; Welsh, A.; Balwinski, S.; Redmond, D. Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity. J. Sleep Res., 2000, 9(4), 335-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00225.x] [PMID: 11123521]
[98]
Lieberman, H.R.; Bathalon, G.P.; Falco, C.M.; Morgan, C.A., III; Niro, P.J.; Tharion, W.J. The fog of war: decrements in cognitive performance and mood associated with combat-like stress. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 2005, 76(7)(Suppl.), C7-C14.
[PMID: 16018323]
[99]
Lieberman, H.R.; Tharion, W.J.; Shukitt-Hale, B.; Speckman, K.L.; Tulley, R. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. Sea-Air-Land. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2002, 164(3), 250-261.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9] [PMID: 12424548]
[100]
Knapik, J.J.; Trone, D.W.; McGraw, S.; Steelman, R.A.; Austin, K.G.; Lieberman, H.R. Caffeine Use among Active Duty Navy and Marine Corps Personnel. Nutrients, 2016, 8(10)E620
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8100620] [PMID: 27735834]
[101]
Belenky, G.; Penetar, D.M.; Thorne, D.; Popp, K.; Leu, J.; Thomas, M.; Sing, H.; Balkin, T.; Wesensten, N.; Redmond, D. The effects of sleep deprivation on performance during continuous combat operations.Food components to enhance performance; Marriott, B.M., Ed.; National Academy Press: Washington, D.C, 1994.
[102]
Tharion, W.J.; Shukitt-Hale, B.; Lieberman, H.R. Caffeine effects on marksmanship during high-stress military training with 72 hour sleep deprivation. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 2003, 74(4), 309-314.
[PMID: 12688447]
[103]
McLellan, T.M.; Kamimori, G.H.; Bell, D.G.; Smith, I.F.; Johnson, D.; Belenky, G. Caffeine maintains vigilance and marksmanship in simulated urban operations with sleep deprivation. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 2005, 76(1), 39-45.
[PMID: 15672985]
[104]
McLellan, T.M.; Kamimori, G.H.; Voss, D.M.; Bell, D.G.; Cole, K.G.; Johnson, D. Caffeine maintains vigilance and improves run times during night operations for Special Forces. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 2005, 76(7), 647-654.
[PMID: 16018347]
[105]
McLellan, T.M.; Kamimori, G.H.; Voss, D.M.; Tate, C.; Smith, S.J. Caffeine effects on physical and cognitive performance during sustained operations. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 2007, 78(9), 871-877.
[PMID: 17891897]
[106]
Tikuisis, P.; Keefe, A.A.; McLellan, T.M.; Kamimori, G. Caffeine restores engagement speed but not shooting precision following 22 h of active wakefulness. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 2004, 75(9), 771-776.
[PMID: 15460628]
[107]
Stephens, M.B.; Attipoe, S.; Jones, D.; Ledford, C.J.; Deuster, P.A. Energy drink and energy shot use in the military. Nutr. Rev., 2014, 72(Suppl. 1), 72-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nure.12139] [PMID: 25293546]
[108]
Hughes, J.R.; Hale, K.L. Behavioral effects of caffeine and other methylxanthines on children. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1998, 6(1), 87-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.6.1.87] [PMID: 9526149]
[109]
Prediger, R.D.; Pamplona, F.A.; Fernandes, D.; Takahashi, R.N. Caffeine improves spatial learning deficits in an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2005, 8(4), 583-594.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145705005341] [PMID: 15877934]
[110]
Pires, V.A.; Pamplona, F.A.; Pandolfo, P.; Fernandes, D.; Prediger, R.D.; Takahashi, R.N. Adenosine receptor antagonists improve short-term object-recognition ability of spontaneously hypertensive rats: a rodent model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Pharmacol., 2009, 20(2), 134-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32832a80bf] [PMID: 19307960]
[111]
Garfinkel, B.D.; Webster, C.D.; Sloman, L. Methylphenidate and caffeine in the treatment of children with minimal brain dysfunction. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1975, 132(7), 723-728.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.132.7.723] [PMID: 1094842]
[112]
Garfinkel, B.D.; Webster, C.D.; Sloman, L. Responses to methylphenidate and varied doses of caffeine in children with attention deficit disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry, 1981, 26(6), 395-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378102600602] [PMID: 7028238]
[113]
Rubin, J.T.; Towbin, R.B.; Bartko, M.; Baskin, K.M.; Cahill, A.M.; Kaye, R.D. Oral and intravenous caffeine for treatment of children with post-sedation paradoxical hyperactivity. Pediatr. Radiol., 2004, 34(12), 980-984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-004-1303-8] [PMID: 15365651]
[114]
Ioannidis, K.; Chamberlain, S.R.; Müller, U. Ostracising caffeine from the pharmacological arsenal for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-was this a correct decision? A literature review. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford), 2014, 28(9), 830-836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114541014] [PMID: 24989644]
[115]
Smith, A. Effects of caffeine in chewing gum on mood and attention. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2009, 24(3), 239-247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.1020] [PMID: 19330801]
[116]
Smith, A.P.; Rusted, J.M.; Eaton-Williams, P.; Savory, M.; Leathwood, P. Effects of caffeine given before and after lunch on sustained attention. Neuropsychobiology, 1990-1991, 23(3), 160-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000119444] [PMID: 2098674]
[117]
Frewer, L.J.; Lader, M. The effects of caffeine on two computerized tests of attention and vigilance. Hum Psychopharmacol. Clin. Experim., 1991, 6, 119-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.470060206]
[118]
Brice, C.; Smith, A. The effects of caffeine on simulated driving, subjective alertness and sustained attention. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2001, 16(7), 523-531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.327] [PMID: 12404548]
[119]
Einöther, S.J.; Giesbrecht, T. Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2013, 225(2), 251-274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2917-4] [PMID: 23241646]
[120]
Palacios, N.; Gao, X.; McCullough, M.L.; Schwarzschild, M.A.; Shah, R.; Gapstur, S.; Ascherio, A. Caffeine and risk of Parkinson’s disease in a large cohort of men and women. Mov. Disord., 2012, 27(10), 1276-1282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25076] [PMID: 22927157]
[121]
Kumar, P.M.; Paing, S.S.; Li, H.; Pavanni, R.; Yuen, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Tan, E.K. Differential effect of caffeine intake in subjects with genetic susceptibility to Parkinson’s Disease. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 15492.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep15492] [PMID: 26522888]
[122]
Yamada-Fowler, N.; Fredrikson, M.; Söderkvist, P. Caffeine interaction with glutamate receptor gene GRIN2A: Parkinson’s disease in Swedish population. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6)e99294
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099294] [PMID: 24915238]
[123]
Petzer, J.P.; Petzer, A. Caffeine as a lead compound for the design of therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Curr. Med. Chem., 2015, 22(8), 975-988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867322666141215160015] [PMID: 25544641]
[124]
Ascherio, A.; Schwarzschild, M.A. The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol., 2016, 15(12), 1257-1272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30230-7] [PMID: 27751556]
[125]
Aygün, D.; Güngör, I.L. Why is Alzheimer disease confused with other dementias? Turk. J. Med. Sci., 2015, 45(5), 1010-1014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/sag-1405-47] [PMID: 26738340]
[126]
Reitz, C.; Mayeux, R. Alzheimer disease: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, risk factors and biomarkers. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2014, 88(4), 640-651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.024] [PMID: 24398425]
[127]
Sibener, L.; Zaganjor, I.; Snyder, H.M.; Bain, L.J.; Egge, R.; Carrillo, M.C. Alzheimer’s Disease prevalence, costs, and prevention for military personnel and veterans. Alzheimers Dement., 2014, 10(3)(Suppl.), S105-S110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.011] [PMID: 24924663]
[128]
Bloom, G.S. Amyloid-β and tau: the trigger and bullet in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. JAMA Neurol., 2014, 71(4), 505-508.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847] [PMID: 24493463]
[129]
Carman, A.J.; Dacks, P.A.; Lane, R.F.; Shineman, D.W.; Fillit, H.M. Current evidence for the use of coffee and caffeine to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 2014, 18(4), 383-392.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0021-7] [PMID: 24676319]
[130]
Basurto-Islas, G.; Blanchard, J.; Tung, Y.C.; Fernandez, J.R.; Voronkov, M.; Stock, M.; Zhang, S.; Stock, J.B.; Iqbal, K. Therapeutic benefits of a component of coffee in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 2014, 35(12), 2701-2712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.012] [PMID: 25034344]
[131]
Rosso, A.; Mossey, J.; Lippa, C.F. Caffeine: neuroprotective functions in cognition and Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen., 2008, 23(5), 417-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317508320083] [PMID: 19230121]
[132]
Dall’Igna, O.P.; Porciúncula, L.O.; Souza, D.O.; Cunha, R.A.; Lara, D.R. Neuroprotection by caffeine and adenosine A2A receptor blockade of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2003, 138(7), 1207-1209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705185] [PMID: 12711619]
[133]
Marques, S.; Batalha, V.L.; Lopes, L.V.; Outeiro, T.F. Modulating Alzheimer’s disease through caffeine: a putative link to epigenetics. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2011, 24(Suppl. 2), 161-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-110032] [PMID: 21427489]
[134]
Kolahdouzan, M.; Hamadeh, M.J. The neuroprotective effects of caffeine in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci. Ther., 2017, 23(4), 272-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12684] [PMID: 28317317]
[135]
Eskelinen, M.H.; Kivipelto, M. Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2010, 20(Suppl. 1), S167-S174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1404] [PMID: 20182054]
[136]
Landex, N.L. [Coffee: the panacea of the present] Ugeskr. Laeger, 2013, 175(49), 3004-3007.
[PMID: 24629462]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
61
10
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy