Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

A Historical Review of Persian Medicine Studies into Saliva Manifestations for Potential Applications for Diagnosis and Management of Metabolic Syndrome

Author(s): Fatemeh Hakimi, Rasool Choopani, Majid Asghari, Hasan Namdar, Elham Parsa, Parisa Jafari and Mina Movahhed*

Volume 20, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [182 - 188] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190618155801

Price: $65

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Regarding the development of diagnostic tests based on saliva and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the aim of this study is to review Persian Medicine manuscripts in the field of saliva manifestations, its relation to metabolic syndrome, and treatment recommendations.

Methods: This study is a mini-review. We investigated the canon of medicine and some important Persian medical or pharmaceutical manuscripts from the 9th to the 19th centuries. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were explored for finding relevant information about the relationship between saliva and metabolic syndrome and its treatment.

Results: Studies have suggested that maldigestion is one of the important causes of MetS. Sialorrhea may be an early symptom of maldigestion. Attention to sialorrhea and its treatment may be useful in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome based on PM sources. In PM, sialorrhea is treated with 3 major approaches: lifestyle modification along with simple or compound medicines.

Conclusion: Saliva manifestations could be considered as early symptoms of metabolic syndrome. As mentioned in WHO strategies, traditional medicine can be used along with modern medicine due to its effectiveness in the management of various ailments.

Keywords: Salivomics, xerostomia, sialorrhea, iranian traditional medicine, mizaj, temperament, avicenna, metabolic map.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Cuevas - Có rdoba, B.; Santiago - García, J. Saliva: A Fluid of Study for OMICS. Omi. J. Integr. Biol., 2014, 18(2), 58-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/omi.2013.0064]
[2]
Nunes, L.A.S.; Mussavira, S.; Bindhu, O.S. Clinical and diagnostic utility of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid: a systematic review. Biochem. Med. (Zagreb), 2015, 25(2), 177-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.018] [PMID: 26110030]
[3]
Heydarirad, G.; Choopani, R. “Dry mouth” from the perspective of traditional Persian medicine and comparison with current management. J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2015, 20(2), 137-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587214558596] [PMID: 25488323]
[4]
Esteghamati, A.; Mazaheri, T.; Vahidi Rad, M.; Noshad, S. Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of obesity: a critical review. Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2015, 13(2)e19678
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijem.19678] [PMID: 25892995]
[5]
Ahadian, H.; Akhavan Karbassi, M.H.; Afkhami-Ardekani, M.; Haydaripoor, Z.; Jalili Sadrabad, M.; Kheirollahi, K.; Davodi, A. Comparison of the Unstimulated Whole Saliva Flow Rate in Diabetic Type II Patients with Healthy Individuals. Iran. J. Diabetes Obes., 2014, 6(2), 93-97.
[6]
Goodson, J.M.; Kantarci, A.; Hartman, M.L.; Denis, G.V.; Stephens, D.; Hasturk, H.; Yaskell, T.; Vargas, J.; Wang, X.; Cugini, M.; Barake, R.; Alsmadi, O.; Al-Mutawa, S.; Ariga, J.; Soparkar, P.; Behbehani, J.; Behbehani, K.; Welty, F. Metabolic disease risk in children by salivary biomarker analysis. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6)e98799
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098799] [PMID: 24915044]
[7]
Wolff, A.; Joshi, R.K. Ekstrï¿1/2m, J.; Aframian, D. A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Drugs R D., 2017, 17(1), 1-28.
[8]
Veiga1, N.; Domingues, A.; Douglas, F.; Rios, S.; Vaz, A.; Coelho, C.; Bexiga1, F.; Coelho, I. The Influence of Chronic Diseases in the Oral Health of the Elderly. J. Dent. Oral Heal., 2016, 2(2), 32-38.
[9]
Bhattarai, K.R.; Junjappa, R.; Handigund, M.; Kim, H.R.; Chae, H.J. The imprint of salivary secretion in autoimmune disorders and related pathological conditions. Autoimmun. Rev., 2018, 17(4), 376-390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.031] [PMID: 29428807]
[10]
Seethalakshmi, C.; Koteeswaran, D.; Chiranjeevi, V. Correlation of Serum and Salivary Biochemical Parameters in end Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in Pre and Post-Dialysis State. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2014, 8(12), CC12-CC14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/10404.5306] [PMID: 25653941]
[11]
Glurich, I.; Acharya, A.; Brilliant, M.H.; Shukla, S.K. Progress in oral personalized medicine: contribution of ‘omics’. J. Oral Microbiol., 2015, 7(1), 28223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jom.v7.28223] [PMID: 26344171]
[12]
Tremblay, M.; Brisson, D.; Gaudet, D. Association between salivary pH and metabolic syndrome in women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 2012, 12(40), 40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-12-40] [PMID: 22958748]
[13]
Azam Khan, M. Exir Azam [Great Elixir]; Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine (RICM): Tehran, 2008.
[14]
Arzani, M. Teb-E-Akbari [Akbari’s Medicine],Ehya Teb e tabiee, (1st ed.. ). 2008.
[15]
Avicenna. Qanun Fi Al-Teb [Canon of Medicine]; Reprinted by The Institute of Medical History, 2004.
[16]
Jorjani, I. Zakhireye Kharazmshahi., 1976. Treasure of the Khwarazm Shah.
[17]
Farsani, G.G.; Movahhed, M.; Motlagh, A.; Hosseini, S.; Yunesian, M.; Farsani, T.; Saboor-Yaraghi, A.; Kamalinejad, M.; Djafarian, K.; Naseri, M. Is the Iranian Traditional Medicine Warm and Cold Temperament Related to Basal Metabolic Rate and Activity of the Sympathetic-Parasympathetic System? Study Protocol. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord., 2014, 13(1), 74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-13-74]
[18]
Emtiazy, M.; Keshavarz, M.; Khodadoost, M.; Kamalinejad, M.; Gooshahgir, S.A.; Shahrad Bajestani, H.; Hashem Dabbaghian, F.; Alizad, M. Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 2012, 14(3), 133-138.
[PMID: 22737569]
[19]
Pasalar, M.; Zarshenas, M.M.; Lankarani, K.B. Good Digestion Is a Key Element for Healthy Hearts: An Appealing C Oncept from Avicenna’ S Viewpoint. Med. Hypothesis. Discov. &Innovation Interdiscip. J., 2014, 1(2), 2-4.
[20]
Shirbeigi, L.; Zarei, A.; Naghizadeh, A.; Vaghasloo, M.A. The Concept of Temperaments in Traditional Persian Medicine. Tradit. Integr. Med., 2017, 2(3), 143-156.
[21]
Agili, M. Kholasatol Hekmah., 2005.
[22]
Arzani, M. Tebbe Akbari; Institute, 2005.
[23]
Boyce, HW; Sialorrhea, B M. A Review of a Vexing, Often Unrecognized Sign of Oropharyngeal and Esophageal Disease. J. Clin. gastroentrology, 2005, 39(2), 89-97.
[24]
Mignogna, M.D.; Fedele, S.; Lo Russo, L.; Lo Muzio, L. Sialorrhoea as early oral clinical manifestation of primary Sjogren’s syndrome? Rheumatology (Oxford), 2003, 42(9), 1113-1114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keg276] [PMID: 12923268]
[25]
Ghods, R.; Gharooni, M.; Amin, G.; Nazem, E.; Nikbakht Nasrabadi, A. Hypertension from the perspective of Iranian traditional medicine. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 2014, 16(3)e16449
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.16449] [PMID: 24829789]
[26]
Movahhed, M.; Mosaddegh, M.; Mohammadi Farsani, G.; Abolhasani, M.H. History of Fatty Liver in Medieval Iranian Medicine. Heal. med, 2013, 7(3), 786-792.
[27]
Toosi, M.N.; Ardekani, M.R.S.; Minaie, M.B.; Nazim, I.; Esfahani, M.M.; Khadem, A. Fatty liver disease from the perspective of traditional Iranian medicine. Quran Med., 2012, 1(4), 117-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812]
[28]
Choopani, R.; Tansaz, M.; Movahhed, M.; Mokaberinejad, M.; Khodadoost, M. Constipation due to Liver Disorder in Iranian Traditional Medicine ` S Viewpoint. International Congress of Updates on Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 2014, Vol. 2, p. 30.
[29]
Al-Mujaz Fi- Al Tibb, 2004.
[30]
Leman Ajeza an AL-Talif Medicine; The Institute for Medical History -Islamic and Complementary MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences, (1 ed..). 2009.
[31]
Choopani, R.; Sadr, S.; Kaveh, S.; Kaveh, N.; Dehghan, S. Pharmacological treatment of catarrh in Iranian traditional medicine. J. Tradit. Complement. Med., 2015, 5(2), 71-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.08.001] [PMID: 26151014]
[32]
Kermani, N. Sharh Al-Asbab va Alamat(samarghandi) (Description of Causes and Symptoms), 2008.
[33]
AghiliKhorasani, M. Makhzan-Ol-Advieh [Storehouse of Medicaments], 1992.
[34]
Gharooni, M.; Ghods, R.; Amin, G.; Nazem, E.; Nikbakht Nasrabadi, A. Probable etiology of hypertension according to the Iranian traditional medicine. Iran. J. Public Health, 2014, 43(6), 851-852.
[PMID: 26110159]
[35]
Spyridopoulou, K.; Tiptiri-Kourpeti, A.; Lampri, E.; Fitsiou, E.; Vasileiadis, S.; Vamvakias, M.; Bardouki, H.; Goussia, A.; Malamou-Mitsi, V.; Panayiotidis, M.I.; Galanis, A.; Pappa, A.; Chlichlia, K. Dietary mastic oil extracted from Pistacia lentiscus var. chia suppresses tumor growth in experimental colon cancer models. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7(1), 3782.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03971-8] [PMID: 28630399]
[36]
Catalani, S.; Palma, F.; Battistelli, S.; Benedetti, S. Oxidative stress and apoptosis induction in human thyroid carcinoma cells exposed to the essential oil from Pistacia lentiscus aerial parts. PLoS One, 2017, 12(2)e0172138
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172138] [PMID: 28196126]
[37]
Bhutada, S.; Muneer, M.; Dahikar, F.; Dahikar, S. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Resins of Boswellia Serrata Roxb. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., 2017, 6(4), 182-185.
[38]
Ranjbarnejad, T.; Saidijam, M.; Moradkhani, S.; Najafi, R. Methanolic extract of Boswellia serrata exhibits anti-cancer activities by targeting microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in human colon cancer cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 2017, 131(131), 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.05.003] [PMID: 28549801]
[39]
Memariani, Z.; Moeini, R.; Hamedi, S.S.; Gorji, N.; Mozaffarpur, S.A. Medicinal plants with antithrombotic property in Persian medicine: a mechanistic review. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2018, 45(1), 158-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11239-017-1580-3] [PMID: 29124622]
[40]
Bakour, M.; Soulo, N.; Hammas, N.; Fatemi, H.E.; Aboulghazi, A.; Taroq, A.; Abdellaoui, A.; Al-Waili, N.; Lyoussi, B. The Antioxidant Content and Protective Effect of Argan Oil and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil in Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Biochemical and Histological Changes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(2), 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020610] [PMID: 29463041]
[41]
Kubatka, P.; Uramova, S.; Kello, M.; Kajo, K.; Kruzliak, P.; Mojzis, J.; Vybohova, D.; Adamkov, M.; Jasek, K.; Lasabova, Z.; Zubor, P.; Fialova, S.; Dokupilova, S.; Solar, P.; Pec, M.; Adamicova, K.; Danko, J.; Adamek, M.; Busselberg, D. Antineoplastic effects of clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum L.) in the model of breast carcinoma. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2017, 21(11), 2837-2851.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13197] [PMID: 28524540]
[42]
Han, X.; Parker, T.L. Anti-inflammatory activity of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts. Pharm. Biol., 2017, 55(1), 1619-1622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1314513] [PMID: 28407719]
[43]
Sharma, A.; Rajendran, S.; Srivastava, A.; Sharma, S.; Kundu, B. Antifungal activities of selected essential oils against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 1322, with emphasis on Syzygium aromaticum essential oil. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 2017, 123(3), 308-313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.09.011] [PMID: 27876218]
[44]
Chahal, K.K.; Dhaiwal, K.; Kumar, A.; Kataria, D.; Singla, N. Chemical Composition of Trachyspermum Ammi L. and Its Biological Properties: A Review. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., 2017, 6(3), 131-140.
[45]
Bashyal, S.; Guha, A. Evaluation of Trachyspermum Ammi Seeds for Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis. asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2018, 11(May), 26-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24430]
[46]
Shruthi, R.R.; Venkatesh, Y.P.; Muralikrishna, G. Structural and functional characterization of a novel immunomodulatory glycoprotein isolated from ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Glycoconj. J., 2017, 34(4), 499-514.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10719-017-9771-x] [PMID: 28493026]
[47]
Parvan, M.; Sajjadi, S-E.; Minaiyan, M. Original Article Protective Effect of Two Extracts of Cydonia Oblonga Miller (Quince) Fruits on Gastric Ulcer Induced by Indomethacin in Rats. Int. J. Prev. Med., 2017, 8(58), 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM]
[48]
Siow, H.L.; Gan, C.Y. Optimization Study in Extracting Anti-Oxidative and A-Amylase Inhibitor Peptides from Cumin Seeds (Cuminum Cyminum). J. Food Biochem., 2017, 41(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12280]
[49]
Jafari, S.; Sattari, R.; Ghavamzadeh, S. Evaluation the effect of 50 and 100 mg doses of Cuminum cyminum essential oil on glycemic indices, insulin resistance and serum inflammatory factors on patients with diabetes type II: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Tradit. Complement. Med., 2016, 7(3), 332-338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.08.004] [PMID: 28725629]
[50]
Jafarnejad, S.; Tsang, C.; Taghizadeh, M.; Asemi, Z.; Keshavarz, S.A. A Meta-Analysis of Cumin (Cuminum Cyminim L.) Consumption on Metabolic and Anthropometric Indices in Overweight and Type 2 Diabetics. J. Funct. Foods, 2018, 44(January), 313-321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.026]
[51]
Li, M.Y.; Hou, X.L.; Wang, F.; Tan, G.F.; Xu, Z.S.; Xiong, A.S. Advances in the research of celery, an important Apiaceae vegetable crop. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 2018, 38(2), 172-183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2017.1312275] [PMID: 28423952]
[52]
Wongtawatchai, T.; Sarsutham, K.; Sukketsiri, W.; Tipmanee, V. Chonpathompikunlert, P. Anti-Stress Effects of Apium Graveolens on Rats Subjected to Immobilization. Int. Food Res. J., 2017, 24(4), 1490-1499.
[53]
Boonruamkaew, P.; Sukketsiri, W.; Panichayupakaranant, P.; Kaewnam, W.; Tanasawet, S.; Tipmanee, V.; Hutamekalin, P.; Chonpathompikunlert, P. Apium graveolens extract influences mood and cognition in healthy mice. J. Nat. Med., 2017, 71(3), 492-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-017-1077-6] [PMID: 28205135]
[54]
Changizi-Ashtiyani, S.; Seddigh, A.; Najafi, H.; Hossaini, N.; Avan, A.; Akbary, A.; Manian, M.; Nedaeinia, R. Pimpinella anisum L. ethanolic extract ameliorates the gentamicin- induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Nephrology (Carlton), 2017, 22(2), 133-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nep.12953] [PMID: 27860049]
[55]
Iannarelli, R.; Marinelli, O.; Morelli, M.B.; Santoni, G.; Amantini, C.; Nabissi, M.; Maggi, F. Aniseed (Pimpinella Anisum L.) Essential Oil Reduces pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Stimulates Mucus Secretion in Primary Airway Bronchial and Tracheal Epithelial Cell Lines. Ind. Crops Prod., 2018, 2018(114), 81-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.076]
[56]
Asadollahpoor, A.; Abdollahi, M.; Rahimi, R. Pimpinella anisum L. fruit: Chemical composition and effect on rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Res. Med. Sci., 2017, 22(37), 37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1735-1995.202147] [PMID: 28465696]
[57]
Mosaffa-Jahromi, M.; Tamaddon, A-M.; Afsharypuor, S.; Salehi, A.; Seradj, S.H.; Pasalar, M.; Jafari, P.; Lankarani, K.B. effectiveness of anise oil for treatment of mild to moderate depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized active and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2017, 22(1), 41-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587216628374] [PMID: 26873392]
[58]
Sevindik, M. Pharmacological Properties of Mentha Species. J. Tradit. Med. Clin. Naturop., 2018, 7(1), 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2573-4555.1000259]
[59]
Mogosan, C.; Vostinaru, O.; Oprean, R.; Heghes, C.; Filip, L.; Balica, G.; Moldovan, R.I.; Schmidt, T.J. A Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antinociceptive Effects of the Essential Oils from Three Species of Mentha Cultivated in Romania. Molecules, 2017, 22(2), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020263] [PMID: 28208614]
[60]
da Silva Ramos, R.; Rodrigues, A.B.; Farias, A.L.; Simões, R.C.; Pinheiro, M.T.; Ferreira, R.M.; Costa Barbosa, L.M.; Picanço Souto, R.N.; Fernandes, J.B.; Santos, L.D.; de Almeida, S.S. Chemical composition and In vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and larvicidal activities of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae). ScientificWorldJournal, 2017, •••20174927214
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4927214] [PMID: 28116346]
[61]
Tohidi, B.; Rahimmalek, M.; Arzani, A. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chem., 2017, 220(220), 153-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203] [PMID: 27855883]
[62]
Oliveira, J.R.; de Jesus Viegas, D.; Martins, A.P.R.; Carvalho, C.A.T.; Soares, C.P.; Camargo, S.E.A.; Jorge, A.O.C.; de Oliveira, L.D. Thymus vulgaris L. extract has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Arch. Oral Biol., 2017, 82(82), 271-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.031] [PMID: 28683409]
[63]
Azimi, M.; Zahedi, M.J.; Mehrabani, M.; Tajadini, H.; Zolala, F.; Baneshi, M.R.; Choopani, R.; Sharififar, F.; Asadipour, A.; Hayatbakhsh, M.M.; Ahmadi, B. Effect of Apium graveolens and Trachyspermum copticom on clinical symptoms of patients with functional dyspepsia. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 2017, 7(6), 554-564.
[PMID: 29299438]
[64]
Kamali, S.H.; Khalaj, A.R.; Hasani-Ranjbar, S.; Esfehani, M.M.; Kamalinejad, M.; Soheil, O.; Kamali, S.A. Efficacy of ‘Itrifal Saghir’, a combination of three medicinal plants in the treatment of obesity; A randomized controlled trial. Daru, 2012, 20(1), 33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-20-33] [PMID: 23351558]
[65]
Sadr, S.; Kaveh, S.; Choopani, R.; Bayat, H.; Mosaddegh, M. Formulation (Compound Honey Syrup) in Pediatric Patients with Mild to Moderate. Galen Med. J., 2017, 6(4), 291-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22086/gmj.v6i3.884]
[66]
Pasalar, M.; Choopani, R.; Mosaddegh, M.; Kamalinejad, M.; Mohagheghzadeh, A.; Fattahi, M.R.; Ghanizadeh, A.; Bagheri Lankarani, K. Efficacy and safety of jollab to treat functional dyspepsia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Explore (NY), 2015, 11(3), 199-207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2015.02.007] [PMID: 25777290]
[67]
Nejatbakhsh, F.; Karegar-Borzi, H.; Amin, G.; Eslaminejad, A.; Hosseini, M.; Bozorgi, M.; Gharabaghi, M.A. Squill Oxymel, a traditional formulation from Drimia Maritima (L.) Stearn, as an add-on treatment in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma: A pilot, triple-blind, randomized clinical trial. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2017, 196, 186-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.032] [PMID: 27998692]
[68]
Rgen Ekströ, J.; Khosravani, N.; Castagnola, M.; Messana, I. Saliva and the Control of Its Secretion. In text book of dysphagia, 2012, 20-42.
[69]
Engelen, L.; van den Keybus, P.A.M.; de Wijk, R.A.; Veerman, E.C.I.; Amerongen, A.V.N.; Bosman, F.; Prinz, J.F.; van der Bilt, A. The effect of saliva composition on texture perception of semi-solids. Arch. Oral Biol., 2007, 52(6), 518-525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.11.007] [PMID: 17178098]
[70]
Shukla, P.; Palta, S.; Gupta, A.; Sehgal, V.K.; Shukla, P.; Med, J.R.; Feb, S. Analysis of Cost of Medical Therapy in Patients of Metabolic Syndrome: An Observational Study. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci., 2018, 6(2), 443-447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180006]
[71]
Traditional Medicine. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014- 2023, http://www.who.int/topics/traditional_medicine/en/
[72]
Tjønna, A.E.; Ramos, J.S.; Pressler, A.; Halle, M.; Jungbluth, K.; Ermacora, E.; Salvesen, Ø.; Rodrigues, J.; Bueno, C.R., Jr; Munk, P.S.; Coombes, J.; Wisløff, U. EX-MET study: exercise in prevention on of metabolic syndrome - a randomized multicenter trial: rational and design. BMC Public Health, 2018, 18(1), 437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5343-7] [PMID: 29609582]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
13
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy