Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Applied Polymer Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2452-2716
ISSN (Online): 2452-2724

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Synthesis, Characterization, Environmental Properties and Mechanical Studies of SBR-Nano Aluminum Oxide Composites

Author(s): Rani Mankar and Wasudeo Gurnule*

Volume 3, Issue 2, 2019

Page: [139 - 153] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/2452271603666190614164629

Abstract

Background: Rubber or nano aluminum oxide composites may be considered as potential materials in mechanical applications because of the adaptability of polymer properties of nanometric substances. Rubber nano-composite is prepared by using the emulsion polymerization method. Mechanical properties and environmental resistance properties are evaluated for a better rubber-filler interaction.

Purpose: In this examination, the Raman spectroscopy and the mechanical properties of nanocomposites are based on Styrene-Butadiene rubber (SBR) and were explored within the sight of nano aluminum oxide additive. The nano-composites were prepared by mechanically mixing and utilizing two-roll mills. Nano aluminum oxide particle suspensions were added to SBR and the abrasion and spectral properties were overviewed.

Materials and Methods: Nano aluminum oxide, 2, 2’- dithiobis, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide, N, N’- Diphenyl P- phenylenediamine and SBR latex were used for analysis. SBR nano-composite was obtained by using the emulsion polymerization method.

Results: Mechanical test outcomes demonstrated the improvement in tensile strength, elongation, and tear resistance. Abrasion test results demonstrated that nano aluminum oxide particles could improve the abrasion resistance of SBR matrix because of the good properties of nano aluminum oxide particles. The strengthening capacity of the fillers resulted in noteworthy upgrades in the properties of polymer framework at extremely low filler loadings when contrasted with conventional fillers. In this work, we concentrate on Raman spectroscopy and mechanical properties by including filler content within a low loading amount. The collection idea of the combined rubber nano-composite was built up by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impact of nanoparticles in the polymer network has been assessed for the SBR-nano aluminum oxide from the TEM investigation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTA) was also examined. Ozone resistance was studied to elucidate periodic observations of the surface of samples, which were made for crack initiation. The samples were exposed for a longer time. Flame resistance was studied to measure the ease of extinction of a flame and four ratings were possible, depending upon the burning time and the presence of flaming drips.

Conclusion: The present study highlights the emulsion polymerization method, where the environmental resistance performance of rubber nano-composites is found to be improved and the thermal and mechanical properties are also enhanced.

Keywords: Mechanical properties, nano aluminum oxide, raman spectroscopy, spectral properties, SBR latex, SBR nano-compound.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Marghmaleki SI. Y. TadiBeni YT, Noghrehabadi AR, Kazemi AS, Abadyan MR. Finite Element Simulation of Thermomechanical Spinning Process. Procedia Eng 2011; 10: 3769-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.616]
[2]
Abadyana M, Khademi V, Bagheri R, Haddadpour H, Kouchakzadeh MA, Farsadi M. Mater Des 2009; 30: 1976-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.09.001] [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.09.001]
[3]
Abadyan M, Khademi V, Bagheri R, Motamedi P, Kouchakzadeh MA, Haddadpour H. J Macromol Sci Part B Phys 2010; 49: 602-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222341003595253] [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222341003595253]
[4]
Guo ZH, Pereira T, Choi O, Wang Y, Hahn HT. Surface functionalized alumina nanoparticle filled polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties. J Mater Chem 2006; 16: 2800-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b603020c]
[5]
Gauthier C, Reynaud E, Vassoille R, Ladouce-Stelandre L. Analysis of the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour of silica filled styrene butadiene rubber. Polymer (Guildf) 2004; 45: 2761-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.081]
[6]
Zhao S, Schadler LS, Duncan R, Hillborg H, Auletta T. Mechanisms leading to improved mechanical performance in nanoscale alumina filled epoxy. Sci Technol 2008; 68: 2965-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.01.009]
[7]
Zunjarrao SC, Singh RP. Characterization of the fracture behavior of epoxy reinforced with nanometer and micrometer sized aluminum particles. Compos Sci Technol 2006; 66(13): 2296-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.12.001]
[8]
Meera AP, Said S, Grohens Y, Luyt AS, Thomas S. Tensile stress relaxation studies of Tio2 and nanosilica filled natural rubber composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009; 2009(48): 3410-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie801494s]
[9]
Fathy A, Shaker A, Hamid MA, Megahed A. The effects of nano-silica/nano-alumina on fatigue behavior of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. J Compos Mater 2017; 51(12): 1667-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316661870]
[10]
Shi G, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Wetzel B, Friedrich K. Sliding wear behavior of epoxy containing nano-Al2O3 particles with different pretreatments. Wear 2004; 256(11): 1072-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00533-7]
[11]
Zhai L, Ling G, Wang Y. Effect of nano-Al2O3 on adhesion strength of epoxy adhesive and steel. Int J Adhes 2008; 28(1): 23-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2007.03.005]
[12]
Huang ZM, Zhang YZ, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S. A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 2003; 63: 2223-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7]
[13]
Jiang W, Jin FL, Park SJ. Thermo-mechanical behaviors of epoxy resins reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles. J Ind Eng Chem 2012; 18(2): 594-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2011.11.140]
[14]
Zheng YP, Zhang JX, Li Q, Chen W, Zhang X. The influence of high content nano-Al2O3 on the properties of epoxy resin composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng 2009; 48(4): 384-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550902725381]
[15]
Susmita S, Bhowmick AK. Preparation and properties of styrene–butadiene rubber based nanocomposites: The influence of the structural and processing parameters. J Appl Polym Sci 2004; 92: 698.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13673]
[16]
Ma J, Mai PX, Zhang L. A novel approach to high performance elastomer by using clay. Macromol Rapid Commun 2004; 25: 1692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200400286]
[17]
Kim W, Kang B, Cho S, Ha C, Bae J. Styrene butadiene rubber-clay nanocomposites using a latex method: Morphology and mechanical properties. Compos Interfaces 2007; 14: 409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855407781291218]
[18]
Perez LD, Zuluaga MA, Kyu T, Mark JE, Lopez BL. Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of multiwall carbonnanotube/elastomer composites. Polym Eng Sci 2009; 49: 866-74.
[19]
Sui G, Zhong WH, Yang XP, Yu YH, Zhao SH. Preparation and properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with pretreated carbon nanotubes. Polym Adv Technol 2008; 19: 1543-9.
[20]
Jiang M, Dang Z, Xu FH. Enhanced electrical conductivity in chemically modified carbon nanotube/methylvinyl silicone rubber nanocomposite. Eur Polym J 2007; 43: 4924.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.09.022]
[21]
Delfa GM, Olivieri A, Boschetti CE. Multiple response optimization of styrene–butadiene rubber emulsion polymerization. Comput Chem Eng 2009; 33: 850-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2009.01.002]
[22]
Sayer S, Lima EL, Pinto JC. Dynamic modeling of SBR emulsion polymerization reactors refrigerated by thermosyphons. Chem Eng Sci 1997; 52: 341-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(96)00388-0]
[23]
Souza PN, Soares M, Amaral MM, Lima EL, Pinto JC. Data reconciliation and control in styrene‐butadiene emulsion polymerizations. Macromol Symp 2011; 302: 80-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201000063]
[24]
Bonnia NN, Ahmad SH, Surip SN, Nurul SS, Azlina HN, Anuar H. Mechanical properties and environmental stress cracking resistance of rubber toughened polyester/clay composite. Adv Mat Res 2012; 576: 318-21.
[25]
Boukerrou A, Duche J, Fellahi S, Kaci M, Sautereau H. Morphology and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of rubbery epoxy/organoclay montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007; 103(6): 3547-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24727]
[26]
Zhao XY, Xiang P, Tian M, Fong H, Jin R, Zhang LQ. Nitrile butadiene rubber/hindered phenol nanocomposites with improved strength and high damping performance/Polymer (Guildf) 2007; 48(20): 6056-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.08.011]
[27]
Yu S, Hu H, Ma J, Yin J. Tribological properties of epoxy/rubber nanocomposites. Tribol Int 2008; 41(12): 1205-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2008.03.001]
[28]
Zhao H, Li RK. Effect of water absorption on the mechanical and dielectric properties of nano-alumina filled epoxy nanocomposites. Compos A. Appl Sci Manuf 2008; 39(4): 602-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.006]
[29]
Ji QL, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Wetzel B, Friedrich K. Tribological properties of surface modified nano-alumina/epoxy composites. J Mater Sci 2004; 39(21): 6487-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000044887.27884.1e]
[30]
McGrath LM, Parnas RS, King SH, Schroeder JL, Fischer DA, Lenhart JL. Investigation of the thermal, mechanical, and fracture properties of alumina–epoxy composites. Polymer (Guildf) 2008; 49(4): 999-1014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.12.014]
[31]
Kardar P, Ebrahimi M, Bastani S. Study the effect of nano-alumina particles on physical–mechanical properties of UV cured epoxy acrylate via nano-indentation. Prog Org Coat 2008; 62(3): 321-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.01.015]
[32]
Abadyan M, Bagheri R, Kouchakzadeh MA. Study of fracture toughness of a hybrid rubber modified epoxy: Part I. Synergistic toughening. Polym Sci 2012; 125: 2467-75.
[33]
Dass K, Chauhan S, Gaur B. Study on the effects of nanoparticulates of SiC, Al2O3, and ZnO on the mechanical and tribological performance of epoxy-based nanocomposites. Particul Sci Technol 2017; 35(5): 589-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2016.1184730]
[34]
Lim S, Zeng K, He C. Morphology, tensile and fracture characteristics of epoxy-alumina nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 2010; 527(21-22): 5670-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.05.038]
[35]
Zheng H, Zhang J, Lu S, Wang G, Xu Z. Effect of core–shell composite particles on the sintering behavior and properties of nano-Al2O3/polystyrene composite prepared by SLS. Mater Lett 2006; 60(9): 1219-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.11.003]
[36]
Zhang Z, Lei H. Preparation of α-alumina/polymethacrylic acid composite abrasive and its CMP performance on glass substrate. Microelectron Eng 2008; 85(4): 714-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2008.01.001]
[37]
Zhang H, Zhang Z, Yang JL, Friedrich K. Temperature dependence of crack initiation fracture toughness of various nanoparticles filled polyamide 66. Polym 2006; 47(2): 679-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.084]
[38]
Wang Y, Lim S, Luo J, Xu Z. Tribological and corrosion behaviors of Al2O3/polymer nanocomposite coatings. Wear 2006; 260(9): 976-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.06.013]
[39]
Sperling LH. Introduction to physical polymer science. New Jersey: Wiley 2005.
[40]
Mankar RV, Gurnule WB, Vajpay S. Bionano frontier 2017. 10(3): 125-128. ISSN 0974-0678, Online: 2320-9593 www. bionanofrontier.org
[41]
Mankar RV, Gurnule WB, Vajpay S. Investigating the effect of nanocomposites on styrene -butadiene rubber by emulsion polymerization method. Bionano Frontier 2017; 10(3): 125-8.
[42]
Jawhari T, Roid A, Casado J. Raman spectroscopic characterization of some commercially available carbon black materials. Carbon N Y 1995; 33: 1561-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00117-V]
[43]
Raman Hendra PJ, Jackson KDO. Applications of Raman spectroscopy to the analysis of natural rubber Acta A Mol Spectrosc 1994; 50: 1987-97 1994.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00117-V]
[44]
Chaichua B, Prasassarakich P, Poompradub SJ. In situ silica reinforcement of natural rubber by sol–gel process via rubber solution. Sol-Gel Sci Technol 2009; 52: 219-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-009-2019-x]
[45]
Manna R, Srivastava SK. Fabrication of functionalized graphene filled carboxylated nitrile rubber nanocomposites as flexible dielectric materials. Mater Chem Front 2017; 1: 780-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6QM00025H]
[46]
Zhang X, Xue X, Yin Q, et al. Enhanced compatibility and mechanical properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/styrene butadiene rubber by using graphene oxide as reinforcing filler. Compos, Part B Eng 2017; 111: 243-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.12.003]
[47]
Xue X, Yin Q, Jia H, et al. Enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of styrene-butadiene rubber/carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blend by the usage of graphene oxide with diverse oxidation degrees. Appl Surf Sci 2017; 423: 584-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.200]
[48]
Celette N, Stevenson I, Devenas L, David G, Vigier IRAP. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section B: Beam interactions with materials and atoms. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 2001; 185: 305-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(01)00493-1]
[49]
Wang JC, Hao WL. Effect of organic modification on structure and properties of room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2013; 129(4): 1852-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.38887]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
18
2
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy