Generic placeholder image

International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-3279
ISSN (Online): 2210-3287

Research Article

Audio Watermarking Art of Hiding Copyright Information for Piracy Control

Author(s): Tribhuwan Kumar Tewari*

Volume 10, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [276 - 289] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/2210327909666190409124959

Price: $65

Abstract

Background & Objective: Revolution in digital multimedia is a boon to music industries, music creators for decades as digital music can be created, stored replicated and transferred easily and efficiently. But digitalization of multimedia becomes a curse when the multimedia content is illegally and freely distributed, shared across the network online or offline. Countering the illegal copying and distribution of digital media is the driving force behind the evolution of copyright protection and digital watermarking techniques.

Methods: This paper presents the problem of piracy and the overview of the evolution of different digital audio watermarking techniques in time, transformed and compression domains to counter the problem of music piracy. The limitations of the audio watermarking techniques and the future scope for improvement are also presented.

Results & Conclusion: This paper summarizes the evolution of audio watermarking techniques and reviews the existing watermarking techniques applied on audios. The limitations of the audio watermarking techniques and the future scope for improvement are also proposed. Additionally, the preliminaries for audio and brief of the properties which are exploited for watermarking of audio are presented.

Keywords: Audio watermarking, blind watermarking, copyright protection, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), payload, piracy control, robustness, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Digitalwatermarkingalliance [homepage on the internet]. Digital Serial Numbers and Piracy Deterrence: The Deterrent Effect of Digital Serial Numbers on Illegal File-Sharing and Downloading [updated 2012 May 4, cited: 14 October 2014]. Available from: www.digitalwatermarkingalliance.org/
[2]
Ifpi [homepage on the internet]. IFPI digital music report 2011 [updated 2011 May 14, cited: 24 December 2012]. Available from: www.ifpi.org/
[3]
ipi [homepage on the internet].The True Cost of Sound Recording Piracy to the U.S. Economy. [updated 2011 January 24, cited: 10 December 2012]. [Online]. Available from: http://www.ipi.org/
[4]
afact [homepage on the internet]. About AFACT, 2011. [updated 2012 April 11, cited: 20 January 2012]. Available from: www.afact.org/
[5]
prnewswire [homepage on the internet]. The Effects of Counterfeiting and Piracy on India's Entertainment Industry. [updated 2009 December 10, cited: 15 April 2012]. Available from: http://www.prnewswirecom/
[6]
Garcia R. Digital watermarking of audio signals using psychoacoustic auditory model and spread spectrum theory. Proceedings of the 107th Conv Audio Eng Soc (AES); 1999 September 24- 27; New York, US: AES 1999
[7]
Oh H, Seok J, Hong J, D. H. Youn. New echo embedding technique for robust and imperceptible audio watermarking, in Proceedings of IEEE Int Conf. Acoustic., Speech, Signal process 2001; 1341-4.
[8]
Oh H,H, Kim W, Seok J, Hong J, Youn D. Transparent and robust audio watermarking with a new echo embedding technique,in Proc of IEEE Int Conf Multimed Expo 2001; 433-6.
[9]
Wang H, Nishimura R, Suzuki Y, Miao L. Fuzzy self-adaptive digital audio watermarking based on time-spread echo hiding. Applied acoustics 2008; 69: 868-74.
[10]
Zhaopin S, Guofu Z, Feng Y, et al. Constrained heuristics for optimizing the scaling parameter of robust audio watermarking. IEEE Trans Multimedia 2018; 20(10): 2631-44.
[11]
Houria K, Youssef Z, Hicham T, Gerald S. A robust combined audio and video watermark algorithm against cinema piracy. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Mutimedia Computing and Systems Rabat, Morocco. 2018.
[12]
Tewari TK, Saxena V, Gupta JP. A digital audio watermarking scheme using selective mid band DCT coefficients and energy threshold. Int J Speech Technol 2014; 17(4): 365-71.
[13]
Wang X, Zhao H. A novel synchronization invariant audio watermarking scheme based on DWT and DCT. IEEE Trans Signal Process 2006; 54(12): 4835-40.
[14]
Wu S, Huang J, Huang D, Shi Y. Efficiently self-synchronized audio watermarking for assured audio data transmission. IEEE Trans Broadcast 2005; 51(1): 69-76.
[15]
Wang J, Healy R, Timoney J. A novel audio watermarking algorithm based on reduced singular value decomposition Proceedings of the 6th Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Process Conference 2010.Oct 15-17, Darmstadt, Germany IEEE: 2010.
[16]
Dhar P, Shimamaru T. An audio watermarking scheme using discrete Fourier transformation and singular value decomposition. Proceedings of 35th Telecom And Signal Process Conference 2012. July 3-4, Prague, Czech Republic: IEEE 2012.
[17]
Wei F. Audio-watermarking with stereo signals. Proceedings of the 10th TENCON Conference 2008.Nov 19-21, Hyderabad, India: IEEE 2008.
[18]
Yee H, Wei F. Audio watermarking with error-correcting code. Proceedings of the 10th TENCON Conference 2009 .Jan 26-28 , Singapore, Singapore: IEEE 2010.
[19]
Quan X, Zhang H. Perceptual criterion based fragile audio watermarking using adaptive wavelet packets. Proceedings of the 17th Pattern Recognition Conference 2004, Aug; 26-6.Cambridge, UK: IEEE. 2004;
[20]
Net C. Chen Net, Meng Z, Sen L. A new fragile audio watermarking scheme. Proceedings of Audio Language and Image Processing Conference 2010 Nov 23-25.Shanghai, China : IEEE 2011.
[21]
Wei J. Fragile audio watermarking algorithm based on SVD and DWT. Proceedings of Intelligent Computing and Integrated Systems Conference 2010 .Oct 22-24 Guilin, China: IEEE 2010.
[22]
Xiong H. A complex cepstrum fragile audio watermarking algorithm based on quantization. Proceedings of the 3rd Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference 2009 Oct 14-17.Guilin, China :IEEE 2010.
[23]
Zhang J, Han B. Fragile audio watermarking scheme based on sample mean sequence. Proceedings of 2011 Multimedia Technology Conference 2011 July 26-28.Hangzhou, China: IEEE 2011.
[24]
HongXia H. Mingkuan F. Centroid-based semi-fragile audio watermarking in hybrid domain. Sci China Inf Sci 2010; 52(3): 619-34.
[25]
Ming F. A semi-fragile watermarking scheme for authenticating audio signal based on dual-tree complex wavelet transform and discrete cosine transform. Int J Comput Math 2013; 90(12): 2588-602.
[26]
Kirovski D, Malvar H. A Robust spread-spectrum audio watermarking. Proceedings of the IEEE Acoust., Speech, Signal Process Conference 2001 May 7-11.Salt Lake City, UT, USA :IEEE 2002 .
[27]
Tewari TK, Saxena V. Collusion attack resistant SVD based secured audio watermarking scheme with chaotic encryption. Proceedings of Eleventh International Conference on Contemporary Computing Noida, India. 2018.
[28]
Cvejic N, Seppanen T. Increasing the capacity of LSB based audio steganography. Proceedings of 5th Multimedia Signal Process Conference 2002 Dec 9-11.St. Thomas, VI, USA : IEEE 2003.
[29]
Cvejic N, Seppanen T. Increasing robustness of LSB audio steganography by reduced distortion LSB coding. J of Univers Comput Sci 2006; 11(1): 56.
[30]
Zamani M, Ahmad RB, Manaf RA, Zeki AM. An Approach to Improve the Robustness of Substitution Techniques of Audio Steganography. Proceedings of the 2nd Computer Science and Information Technology Conference 2009 Aug 8-11.Beijing, China : IEEE . 2009.
[31]
Cao W. Cao, Bit Replacement Audio Watermarking using Stereo Signals, in Proceedings of Intl. Conf. on New Trends in Information and Service Science, NISS, Pp. 603-606.2009;
[32]
Sek A, Suzuki Y, Nishimura R, Sonoda K. Phase rotation thresholds and its use in watermarking technique. Int J Acoustical Society of America 2003; 113(4): 2288-8.
[33]
Chen XS, Zhang X, Gao C, Yang YT. Audio watermarking system based on detection theory of chaotic phase transformation. Proceedings of the Chinese Control and Decision Conference 2009 June 17-19.Guilin, China: IEEE 2009.
[34]
Hafiz M, Malik A, Ansari R, Khokhar AA. Robust Data Hiding in Audio using Allpass filters. IEEE Trans on Audio Speech and Lang Process 2007; 15(4): 1296-304.
[35]
Ciloglu T, Karaaslan U. An improved all-pass watermarking scheme for speech and audio. Proceedings of the Multimedia and Exposition Conference 2000 July 30-Aug 2; New York, NY, USA : IEEE 2002.
[36]
Cheng Q, Sorensen J. Spread spectrum signaling for speech watermarking.Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process. Conference; 2001 May 7-11; Salt Lake City, UT, USA: IEEE 2002.
[37]
Muntean T, Grivel E, Najim M. Audio digital watermarking based on hybrid spread spectrum. Proceedings of the 2nd Web Delivering of Music Conference 2002 Dec; 11-1.Darmstadt, Germany : IEEE 2003.
[38]
Jung S, Seok J, Hong J. An improved detection technique for spread spectrum audio watermarking with a spectral envelope filter Electronics telecommunications Research Inst 2003; 25(1): 52-4.
[39]
Li L, Fang XZ. Robust Detection Algorithm for Spread Spectrum Audio Watermarking. IEICE Trans on Fundam of Electron Commun Comput Sci 2008; 91(11): 3389-92.
[40]
Malvar HS, Florencio D. Improved spread spectrum: A new modulation technique for robust watermarking. IEEE Trans Signal Process 2003; 52(4): 898-905.
[41]
Xiang Y, Natgunanathan Y, Peng D, Hua G, Liu B. Spread Spectrum Audio Watermarking Using Multiple Orthogonal PN Sequences and Variable Embedding Strengths and Polarities. ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 2018; 26(3): 529-39.
[42]
Gruhl D, Lu A, Bender W. Echo hiding. Proceedings of the 1st Information Hiding Workshop 1996 May 30 - June 01.Cambridge, U.K :ACM 1996.
[43]
Erfani E, Siahpoush S. Robust Audio Watermarking Using Improved TS Echo Hiding. Digit Signal Process 2009; 19(5): 809-14.
[44]
Erfani Y. New methods for transparent and accurate echo hiding by using the original audio cepstral content. Proceedings of 6th Computer and Information Science Conference 2007 July 11-13.Melbourne , Qld., Australia : IEEE. 2007.
[45]
Chen TC, Wu WC. Highly robust, secure, and perceptual-quality echo hiding scheme. IEEE Trans Audio Speech and Lang Process 2008; 16(3): 629-38.
[46]
Wu WC, Chen TC. An echo watermarking method using an analysis-by-synthesis approach. Proceedings of 5th Signal Image Process Conference 2004 June 27-30.Taipei, Taiwan : IEEE. 2005.
[47]
Wu WC, Chen TC. An analysis-by-synthesis echo watermarking method. Proceedings of 5th Multimedia and Expo Conference 2004 June 27-30.Honolulu, USA : Actapress. 2003.
[48]
Wu WC, Chen TC. Analysis-by-synthesis echo hiding scheme using mirrored kernels.Proceedings of Acoustic, Speech, Signal Process Conference 2006 May 14-19.Toulouse, France : IEEE. 2006.
[49]
Xie C. A new detection scheme for echo hiding. Proceedings of Information Theory and Information Security Conference 2010 Dec 17-19.Beijing, China : IEEE. 2011.
[50]
Kim HK, Choi YH. A novel echo-hiding scheme with backward and forward kernels. IEEE Trans On Circ Syst for Video Tech 2003; 13(8): 885-9.
[51]
Ko BS, Nishimura R, Suzuki Y. Time-spread echo method for digital audio watermarking. IEEE Trans on Multimed 2005; 7(2): 212-21.
[52]
Shine KP, Kumar KS. Extended bipolar echo kernel for audio watermarking. Proceedings on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing Conference 2009 Oct 27-28.Kottayam, Kerala, India : IEEE 2009.
[53]
Bender W. Techniques for data hiding. IBM Syst J 1996; 35(3&4): 313-35.
[54]
Arnold M. Audio watermarking: Features, applications and algorithms. Proceedings on Multimedia Expo Conference 2000 Jul 30-Aug 2.New York, NY, USA : IEEE 2002.
[55]
Kalantari NK. Robust Multiplicative Patchwork Method for Audio watermarking. IEEE Trans on Audio Speech and Lang Process 2009; 17(6): 1133-41.
[56]
Yeo K, Kim HJ. Modified patchwork algorithm: A novel audio watermarking scheme. IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process 2003; 11(4): 381-6.
[57]
Natgunanathan I, Xiang Y, Rong Y, Zhou W, Guo S. Robust Patchwork-Based Embedding and Decoding Scheme for Digital Audio Watermarking. IEEE Trans On Audio Speech and Lang Process 2012; 20(8): 2232-9.
[58]
Natgunanathan I, Xiang Y, Hua G, Beliakov G, Yearwood J. Patchwork-Based Multilayer Audio Watermarking. IEEE/ACM Trans on Audio Speech and Lang Process 2017; 25(11): 2176-87.
[59]
Zhou Z, Zhou L. A Novel Algorithm for Robust Audio Watermarking Based on Quantification DCT Domain. Proceedings on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing Conference 2007 Nov 26-28.Kaohsiung, Taiwan : IEEE 2008.
[60]
Youngqi W. Asynchronous Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Chaotic Encryption in DCT Domain. Proceedings on Information Science and Engineering Conference 2008 Dec 20-22.Shanghai, China : IEEE 2008.
[61]
Huang XH, Jiang WZ, Jing XX. Robust audio watermarking based non-uniform DCT. Proceedings on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems Conference 2010 Oct 29-31.Xiamen, China : IEEE 2010.
[62]
Zhang X. An Audio watermarking algorithm transmitted via air channel in double DCT domain. Proceedings on Multimedia Technology Conference 2011 July 26-28.Hangzhou, China : IEEE 2011.
[63]
Gua Q, Zhao Y, Cheng P, Guo W. An air channel digital audio watermarking algorithm based on DCT domain. Proceedings on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks Conference 2012 April 21-23.Yicheng, China : IEEE 2012.
[64]
Guo Q, Zhao Y, Cheng P, Wang F. An audio digital watermarking algorithm against A/D and D/A conversions based on DCT domain. Proceedings on Consumer Electronics Communications and Networks Conference 2012 April 21-23.Yicheng, China : IEEE 2012.
[65]
Ren K, Li H. Large capacity digital audio watermarking algorithm based on DWT and DCT. Proceedings on Mechatronic Science, Electric Engineering and Computer Conference 2011 Aug 19-22.Jilin, China : IEEE 2011.
[66]
Suresh G, Lalitha NV, Rao CS, Sailaja V. An efficient and simple Audio Watermarking using DCT-SVD. Proceedings on Devices, Circuits and Systems Conference 2012 Mar 15-16.Coimbatore, India : IEEE 2012.
[67]
Liu R, Tan T. An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership. IEEE Trans On Multimed 2002; 4(1): 121-8.
[68]
Zhang X, Li K. Comments on An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership. IEEE Trans on Multimed 2005; 7(2): 593-4.
[69]
Mohammad AA, Shaltaf S. An improved SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership. Signal Processing 2008; 88: 2158-80.
[70]
Bhat VK, Sengupta I, Das A. An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization. Multimedia Tools Appl 2011; 52(2-3): 369-83.
[71]
Hwang MJ, Lee J, Lee M, Kang HJ. SVD-Based Adaptive QIM Watermarking on Stereo Audio Signals. IEEE Trans Multimed 2018; 20(1): 45-54.
[72]
Qiao L, Nahrstedt K. Noninvertible watermarking methods for mpeg encoded audio. Proceedings on security and watermarking of multimedia contents Conference 1999.April 9-9; San Jose, CA, United States: SPIE 3657.
[73]
Koukopoulos DK, Stamatiou YC. A compressed-domain watermarking algorithm for mpeg audio layer 3 Proceedings on Multimedia and security: new challenges Workshop; 2001 Oct 5-5. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: ACMDL 2001.
[74]
Petrovic R, Yang DT. Audio watermarking in compressed domain. Proceedings of the 9th Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable, and Broadcasting Services Conference; 2009 Oct 7-9; Nis, Serbia: IEEE 2009
[75]
Neubauer C, Herre J. Audio watermarking of MPEG-2 AAC bit streams Proceedings of 108th AES Convention Conference 2000 Feb 19-22; Paris : AES E-Library. .
[76]
Cheng S, Yu H, Xiong Z. Enhanced spread spectrum watermarking of MPEG-2 AAC audio. Proceedings on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process. Conference; 2002 May 13-17; Orlando, FL, USA: IEEE 2011.
[77]
Jian W, Zhong LF. Digital audio watermarking based on suPp.ort vector machine (SVM). J Comput Res Devel 2005; 42(9): 1605-11.
[78]
Larbi SD. JaidaneSaidane M. Audio watermarking: a way to stationnarize audio signals. IEEE Trans on Signal Process 2005; 53(2): 816-23.
[79]
Nakashima Y, Tachibana R, Babaguchi N. Watermarked Movie Soundtrack Finds the Position of the Camcorder in a Theater. IEEE Trans on Multimed 2009; 11(3): 443-54.
[80]
Fallahpour M, Meglas D. Audio Watermarking Based on Fibonacci Numbers. IEEE/ACM Trans on Audio Speech and Lang Process 2015; 23(8): 1273-82.
[81]
Dhavale S. A robust zero watermarking algorithm for stereo audio signals. Int J of Inform and Comput Secur 2016; 8(3): 330-46.
[82]
Abualigah LM, Khader AT, Hanandeh ES. Hybrid clustering analysis using improved krill herd algorithm. Appl Intell 2018; 48(11): 4047-71.
[83]
Abualigah LM, Khader AT, Hanandeh ES. A Combination of Objective Functions and Hybrid Krill Herd Algorithm for Text Document Clustering Analysis. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2018; 73(1): 111-25.
[84]
Abualigah LM, Khader AT, Hanandeh ES. A novel weighting scheme applied to improve the text document clustering techniques. Innovative Computing. Optimization and Its Applications 2018; 741: 305-20.
[85]
Abualigah LM, Khader AT, Hanandeh ES. A new feature selection method to improve the document clustering using particle swarm optimization algorithm. J of Computational Science 2018; 25: 456-66.
[86]
Abualigah LM, Khader AT, Hanandeh ES. Applying genetic algorithms to information retrieval using vector space model. Int J of Computer Science. Engineering and Applications 2015; 5(1): 19-28.
[87]
Abualigah LM, Khader AT, Hanandeh ES. A hybrid strategy for krill herd algorithm with harmony search algorithm to improve the data clustering. Intell Decision Technol 2018; 12: 3-14.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy