Abstract
The nucleosides modified in the 2’- and/or 3’-position have been known for years and include important, bioactive compounds such as zidovudine, cytarabine, didanosine, puromycin, and fludarabine. This group consists of analogs with altered configuration, 2’,3’-dideoxy and 2’,3’-dideoxy-didehydro nucleosides, as well as derivatives with additional substituents. These compounds are often targeted against viruses and tumors. The sugar-base anhydro nucleosides have been known since the middle of the 20th century. However, their application has not yet been fully explored and described. The number of 2’,3’-dimodified derivatives, obtainable through sugar-base anhydrocyclic synthons, could be vast, especially taking into consideration various combinations of S-alkyl, S-aryl, O-alkyl, O-aryl, halogen, triazole, amine and azide substituents in both pyrimidine and purine nucleosides. Furthermore, application of anhydrocyclic structures can be an efficient method of introducing isotope labeled groups. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the known methods of functionalization of the 2’- and/or 3’-position of nucleosides, using anhydrocyclic structures, and also to present a future outlook for this subject.
Keywords: Anhydro nucleosides, modified nucleosides, xylofuranosides, arabinofuranosides, deoxyribosides, SN2 substitution.
Graphical Abstract
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Biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis, and saccharification of carbohydrates, and sugars bioconversion in biofuels and bioproducts within a biorefinery framework. Carbohydrates derived from woody biomass, agricultural wastes, algae, sewage sludge, or any other lignocellulosic feedstock are included in this issue. Simulation, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle analysis of a biorefinery process are ...read more
31 December, 2024
Catalytic C-H bond activation as a tool for functionalization of heterocycles
The major topic is the functionalization of heterocycles through catalyzed C-H bond activation. The strategies based on C-H activation not only provide straightforward formation of C-C or C-X bonds but, more importantly, allow for the avoidance of pre-functionalization of one or two of the cross-coupling partners. The beneficial impact of ...read more
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