[1]
Lockhart BP, Lestage PJ. Cognition enhancing or neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of cognitive disorders: Why? when? which? Exp Gerontol 2003; 38(1-2): 119-28.
[2]
Weintraub S, Wicklund AH, Salmon DP. The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2(4): 1-18.
[3]
Perera G, Stewart R, Higginson IJ, Sleeman KE. Reporting of clinically diagnosed dementia on death certificates: Retrospective cohort study. Age Ageing 2016; 45(5): 668-73.
[4]
Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011; 42(9): 2672-713.
[5]
Toledo JB, Arnold SE, Raible K, et al. Contribution of cerebrovascular disease in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative disease cases in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre. Brain 2013; 136(9): 2697-706.
[6]
Murphy MP, Corriveau RA, Wilcock DM. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 5(1862): 857-9.
[7]
Sheng M, Lu H, Liu P, et al. Sildenafil improves vascular and metabolic functions in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60(4): 1351-64.
[8]
Lu C, Dun L, Liu G, et al. Neuroprotective and anti-dementia role of Tongqiao Huoxue decoction in rats with vascular dementia. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016; 9(2): 3197-202.
[9]
Jiwa NS, Garrard P, Hainsworth AH. Experimental models of vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment: A systematic review. J Neurochem 2010; 115(4): 814-28.
[10]
Gooch J, Wilcock DM. Animal Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36(2): 233-9.
[11]
Marshall RS. Effects of altered cerebral hemodynamics on cognitive function. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 32(3): 633-42.
[12]
Peters R. Blood pressure, smoking and alcohol use, association with vascular dementia. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47(11): 865-72.
[13]
Cao Y, Liang L, Xu J, Wu J, et al. The effect of Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf flavonoids on spatial learning and memory in chronic cerebral ischemia-induced vascular dementia of rats. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2016; 48(5): 437-46.
[14]
Erkinjuntti T, Román G, Gauthier S, et al. Emerging therapies for vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke 2004; 35(4): 1010-7.
[15]
Bender AT, Beavo JA. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: molecular regulation to clinical use. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58(3): 488-520.
[16]
Martinez A, Gil C. cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors:
promising drugs for inflammatory and neurological diseases. Expert opinion on therapeutic patents 2014; 24(12): 1311-21.
[17]
Harrison SA, Reifsnyder DH, Gallis BY, Cadd GG, Beavo JA. Isolation and characterization of bovine cardiac muscle cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase: a receptor for new cardiotonic drugs. Mol Pharmacol 1986; 29(5): 506-14.
[18]
Tanaka T, Ishikawa T, Hagiwara M, Onoda K, Itoh H, Hidaka H. Effects of cilostazol, a selective cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. Pharmacology 1988; 36(5): 313-20.
[19]
Padma-Nathan H, McMurray JG, Pullman WE, et al. On-demand IC351 (Cialis™) enhances erectile function in patients with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2001; 13(1): 2-9.
[20]
Ölmestig JN, Marlet IR, Hainsworth AH, Kruuse C. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Cell Signal 2017; 38: 39-48.
[21]
Schwartz BG, Jackson G, Stecher VJ, Campoli-Richards DM, Kloner RA. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors improve endothelial function and may benefit cardiovascular conditions. Am J Med 2013; 126(3): 192-9.
[22]
Titus DJ, Oliva AA, Wilson NM, Atkins CM. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21(3): 332-42.
[23]
Gulati P, Singh N. Neuroprotective effect of tadalafil, a PDE-5 inhibitor, and its modulation by L-NAME in mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2014; 186(1): 475-83.
[24]
Sharma B, Singh N. Attenuation of vascular dementia by sodium butyrate in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Psychopharmacology 2011; 215(4): 677-87.
[25]
Muthuraman A, Singh N. Attenuating effect of Acorus calamus extract in chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain in rats: An evidence of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory effects. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011; 11: 24.
[26]
Nandagopal M, Muralidharan P, Thirumurugan G. Behavioral assessment studies in cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion in rats. Ann Biol Res 2010; 1: 208-23.
[27]
Kaur J, Sharma S, Sandhu M, Sharma S. Neurokinin-1 receptor inhibition reverses ischaemic brain injury and dementia in bilateral common carotid artery occluded rats: Possible mechanisms. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24(4): 133-43.
[28]
Feng J, Fitz Y, Li Y, et al. Catheterization of the carotid artery and jugular vein to perform hemodynamic measures, infusions and blood sampling in a conscious rat model. J Vis Exp 2015; 95: 1-6.
[29]
Wang H. Establishment of an animal model of vascular dementia. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8(5): 1599-603.
[30]
Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 1984; 11(1): 47-60.
[31]
Parle M, Singh N. Reversal of memory deficits by atorvastatin and simvastatin in rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 2007; 127(7): 1125-37.
[32]
Pieper GM. Diabetic induced endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta: Role of hydroxyl radicals. Cardiovasc Res 1997; 34: 145-56.
[33]
Sharma B, Singh N. Pitavastatin and 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxy-acetophenone (HMAP) reduce cognitive dysfunction in vascular dementia during experimental diabetes. Curr Neurovasc Res 2010; 7: 180-91.
[34]
Teixeira CE, Priviero FB, Webb RC. Differential effects of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil in rat aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 316(2): 654-61.
[35]
Koladiya RU, Jaggi AS, Singh N, Sharma BK. Ameliorative role of Atorvastatin and Pitavastatin in L-Methionine induced vascular dementia in rats. BMC Pharmacol 2008; 8(1): 14.
[36]
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, et al. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1961; 7: 88-95.
[37]
Grisham MB, Benoit JN, Granger DN. Assessment of leukocyte involvement during ischemia and reperfusion of intestine. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 729-42.
[38]
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95(2): 351-8.
[39]
Boyne AF, Ellman GL. A methodology for analysis of tissue sulfhydryl components. Anal Biochem 1972; 46(2): 639-53.
[40]
Sastry K, Moudgal R, Mohan J, et al. Spectrophotometric determination of serum nitrite and nitrate by copper–cadmium alloy. Anal Biochem 2002; 306(1): 79-82.
[41]
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, et al. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951; 193(1): 265-75.
[42]
Banchroft AS, Turner DR. Theory and Practice of Histological
Techniques. 4th ed. Churchil livingstone, New York: Wiley-Liss. 1996.
[43]
Camarasa J, Rodrigo T, Pubill D, et al. Memantine is a useful drug to prevent the spatial and non-spatial memory deficits induced by methamphetamine in rats. Pharmacol Res 2010; 62(5): 450-6.
[44]
Xu BL, Wang R, Meng XH, et al. Effects of analog P165 of amyloid precursor protein 5-mer peptide on learning, memory and brain insulin receptors in the rat model of cognitive decline. Neurol Sci 2014; 35(11): 1821-6.
[45]
Nyitrai G, Spisák T, Spisák Z, et al. Stepwise occlusion of the carotid arteries of the rat: MRI assessment of the effect of donepezil and hypoperfusion-induced brain atrophy and white matter microstructural changes. PLoS One 2018; 13(5): e0198265.
[46]
Iwasaki Y, Ito S, Suzuki M, Nagahori T, Yamamoto T, Konno H. Forebrain ischemia induced by temporary bilateral common carotid occlusion in normotensive rats. J Neurol Sci 1989; 90(2): 155-65.
[47]
Farkas E, Luiten PG, Bari F. Permanent, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the rat: A model for chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-related neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev 2007; 54(1): 162-80.
[48]
Lapi D, Vagnani S, Pignataro G, et al. Rat pialmicrovascular responses to transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion: Quercetin’s mechanism of action. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 99.
[49]
Tiwari N, Bhatia P, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Potential of carnosine, a histamine precursor in rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced vascular dementia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32(5): 516-31.
[50]
Saxena A, Fedorko JM, Vinayaka C, et al. Aromatic amino-acid residues at the active and peripheral anionic sites control the binding of E2020 (Aricept) to cholinesterases. Eur J Biochem 2003; 270(22): 4447-58.
[51]
Xiao Y, Guan ZZ, Wu CX, et al. Correlations between cholinesterase activity and cognitive scores in post-ischemic rats and patients with vascular dementia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32(3): 399-407.
[52]
Tomimoto H, Ohtani R, Shibata M, et al. Loss of cholinergic pathways in vascular dementia of the Binswanger type. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 19(5-6): 282-8.
[53]
Liu K, Mori S, Takahashi HK, et al. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats. The FASEB J 2007; 21(14): 3904-16.
[54]
Zhang R, Wang Y, Zhang L, et al. Sildenafil (Viagra) induces neurogenesis and promotes functional recovery after stroke in rats. Stroke 2002; 33: 2675.
[55]
Singh N, Parle M. Sildenafil improves acquisition and retention of memory in mice. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 47: 318-24.
[56]
Guzeloglu M, Yalcinkaya F, Atmaca S, et al. The beneficial effects of tadalafil on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury inrats. Urol Int 2011; 86: 197.
[57]
Rashid M, Kotwani A, Fahim M. Long-acting phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, tadalafil, and superoxide dismutasemimetic, tempol, protect against acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31: 626.
[58]
Nunes AK, Raposo C, Luna RL, Cruz-Höfling MA, Peixoto CA. Sildenafil (Viagra) down regulates cytokines and prevents demyelination in a cuprizone-induced MS mouse model. Cytokine 2012; 60: 540.
[59]
Guazzi M, Samaja M. The role of PDE5-inhibitors in cardiopulmonary disorders: From basic evidence to clinical development. Curr Med Chem 2007; 14: 2181.
[60]
Bivalacqua TJ, Musicki B, Hsu LL, Berkowitz DE, Champion HC, Burnett AL. Sildenafil citrate-restored eNOS and PDE5 regulation in sickle cell mouse penis prevents priapism via control of oxidative/nitrosative stress. PLoS One 2013; 8: e68028.
[61]
Pelliccione F, D’Angeli A, D’Andrea S, et al. Tadalafil treatment had a modest effect on endothelial cell damage and repair ability markers in men with erectile dysfunction and vascular risk. Asian J Androl 2014; 16(2): 290-4.
[62]
Koladiya RU, Jaggi AS, Singh N, Sharma BK. Beneficial effects of donepezil on vascular endothelial dysfunction-associated dementia induced by L-methionine in rats. J Health Sci 2009; 55(2): 215-25.
[63]
Pezet S, Cunningham J, Patel J, et al. BDNF modulates sensory neuron synaptic activity by a facilitation of GABA transmission in the dorsal horn. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 21(1): 51-62.
78
5
1
1