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Current Organic Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1385-2728
ISSN (Online): 1875-5348

Review Article

A Review of the Synthesis of Quaternary Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators

Author(s): David Malinak*, Jan Korabecny, Ondrej Soukup, Lukas Gorecki, Eugenie Nepovimova, Miroslav Psotka, Rafael Dolezal, Thuy D. Nguyen, Eva Mezeiova, Kamil Musilek and Kamil Kuca*

Volume 22, Issue 16, 2018

Page: [1619 - 1648] Pages: 30

DOI: 10.2174/1385272822666180711123529

Price: $65

Abstract

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is well-known enzyme studied in many fields of research, e.g. in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or in eco-toxicology as a biological marker. Many inhibitors of AChE have been identified in nature as well as prepared in chemical labs as a result of systematic synthetic efforts. The organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors of AChE are one of the oldest artificial inhibitors being purposely developed as military nerve agents (e.g. sarin, soman, tabun, VX, RVX). Some of the compounds with decreased toxicity are currently used in agriculture as pesticides (e.g. parathion, chlorpyrifos, paraoxon) or in the industry as softening agents and flame retardants. The common mechanism of action of all organophosphate compounds is the irreversible inhibition of AChE via a binding to the hydroxyl group of the serine residue within the active site of the enzyme. Subsequently, AChE loses its ability to fulfill its physiological role in cholinergic transmission, which leads to the cholinergic crisis with the possibility of respiratory failure and death. The reactivators of AChE are classified as strong nucleophilic agents capable to cleave the non-aged organophosphate- serine adduct and thereby restoring the activity of the enzyme. This work provides a unique overview of the most potent oximes reactivators of inhibited AChE since 1955 to the present. In this review article, we have reviewed different synthetic approaches of known and widely used oxime reactivators of AChE such as pralidoxime, methoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, asoxime (HI-6), HS-6, HLo-7, K027, K048, K203, K075 and BI-6. The review covers the original articles as well as patented research.

Keywords: Quaternary reactivator, acetylcholinesterase, synthesis, antidote, organophosphate, oxime.

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