Abstract
Background: Early detection of breast cancer, combined with effective treatment, can reduce mortality. Millions of women are diagnosed with breast cancer and many die every year globally. Numerous early detection screening tests have been employed. A wide range of current breast cancer screening methods are reviewed based on a series of searchers focused on clinical testing and performance.
Discussion: The key factors evaluated centre around the trade-offs between accuracy (sensitivity and specificity), operator dependence of results, invasiveness, comfort, time required, and cost. All of these factors affect the quality of the screen, access/eligibility, and/or compliance to screening programs by eligible women. This survey article provides an overview of the working principles, benefits, limitations, performance, and cost of current breast cancer detection techniques. It is based on an extensive literature review focusing on published works reporting the main performance, cost, and comfort/compliance metrics considered.
Conclusion: Due to limitations and drawbacks of existing breast cancer screening methods there is a need for better screening methods. Emerging, non-invasive methods offer promise to mitigate the issues particularly around comfort/pain and radiation dose, which would improve compliance and enable all ages to be screened regularly. However, these methods must still undergo significant validation testing to prove they can provide realistic screening alternatives to the current accepted standards.
Keywords: Mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, thermography, microwave imaging, elastography.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. Canc J Clinic 2011; 61(2): 69-90.
[2]
Globocan. Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. 2012 [Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx
[3]
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. Canc J Clinic 2007; 57(1): 43-66.
[4]
Society AC. Cancer facts and figures 2015. Atlanta, Ga: American cancer society 2015. [Available from: www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@editorial/documents/document/acspc-044552.pdf
[5]
Society AC. Breast cancer facts & figures 2004-2014 [Available from http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/breast-cancer-facts-figures
[6]
Zhou X, Gordon R. Detection of early breast cancer: An overview and future prospects. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 1988; 17(3): 203-55.
[8]
Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Obdeijn IMM, Bartels KC, de Koning HJ, Oudkerk M. First experiences in screening women at high risk for breast cancer with MR imaging. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 63(1): 53-60.
[9]
Boice JD Jr, Land CE, Shore RE, Norman JE, Tokunaga M. Risk of breast cancer following low-dose radiation exposure 1. Radiology 1979; 131(3): 589-97.
[10]
Cancer CGoHFiB. Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13(11): 1141-51.
[11]
Opdahl S, Alsaker M, Janszky I, Romundstad P, Vatten L. Joint effects of nulliparity and other breast cancer risk factors. Br J Cancer 2011; 105(5): 731.
[12]
Mariotto AB, Yabroff KR, Shao Y, Feuer EJ, Brown ML. Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010–2020. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103(2): 117-28.
[13]
Sullivan R, Peppercorn J, Sikora K, et al. Delivering affordable cancer care in high-income countries. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12(10): 933-80.
[14]
Ray S, Bonthapally V, McMorrow D, Bonafede M, Landsman-Blumberg P. Patterns of treatment, healthcare utilization and costs by lines of therapy in metastatic breast cancer in a large insured US population. J Comp Effectiv Res 2013; 2(2): 195-206.
[15]
Rosenquist CJ, Lindfors KK. Screening mammography in women aged 40-49 years: Analysis of cost-effectiveness. Radiology 1994; 191(3): 647-50.
[16]
Feig SA. Mammographic screening of women aged 40–49 years. Benefit, risk, and cost considerations. Cancer 1995; 76(S10): 2097-106.
[17]
Sree SV, Ng EY-K, Acharya RU, Faust O. Breast imaging: a survey. World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2(4): 171.
[18]
Bushra M, Muhammad S. Automated detection of breast tumor in different imaging modalities: A review. Curr Med Imaging Rev 2016; 12: 1-19.
[20]
Hurley SF, Kaldor JM. The benefits and risks of mammographic screening for breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1992; 14(1): 101-30.
[21]
de González AB, Reeves G. Mammographic screening before age 50 years in the UK: comparison of the radiation risks with the mortality benefits. Br J Cancer 2005; 93(5): 590-6.
[22]
Elmore JG, Armstrong K, Lehman CD, Fletcher SW. Screening for breast cancer. JAMA 2005; 293(10): 1245-56.
[23]
Qaseem A, Snow V, Sherif K, Aronson M, Weiss KB, Owens DK. Screening mammography for women 40 to 49 years of age: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146(7): 511-5.
[24]
Mandelblatt JS, Cronin KA, Bailey S, et al. Effects of mammography screening under different screening schedules: Model estimates of potential benefits and harms. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151(10): 738-47.
[25]
Løberg M, Lousdal ML, Bretthauer M, Kalager M. Benefits and harms of mammography screening. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17(1): 1-12.
[26]
Andreea GI, Pegza R, Lascu L, Bondari S, Stoica Z, Bondari A. The role of imaging techniques in diagnosis of breast cancer. Curr Health Sci J 2011; 37(2): 55-61.
[27]
Blanks RG, Marshall TP, Nottingham J, Patnick J, Thornton H. Women need better information on routine mammography. Br Med J 2003; 327: 868.
[28]
Barnes GT. Mammography equipment: compression, scatter control, and automatic exposure control. Syll Categor Course Phys 1993; pp. 73-82.
[29]
Robinson L, Hogg P, Newton-Hughes A. The power and the pain: Mammographic compression research from the service-users’ perspective. Radiography 2013; 19(3): 190-5.
[30]
Bai J, He Z, Dong J, Yao G, Chen H, Li K. Correlation of pain experience during mammography with factors of breast density and breast compressed thickness. J Shang Jiaot Univ (Med Sci) 2010; 30(9): 1062.
[32]
Miller D, Livingstone V, Herbison P. Interventions for relieving the pain and discomfort of screening mammography. Cochr Database Syst Rev 2008; p. 1.
[33]
Kashikar-Zuck S, Keefe FJ, Kornguth P, Beaupre P, Holzberg A, Delong D. Pain coping and the pain experience during mammography: A preliminary study. Pain 1997; 73(2): 165-72.
[34]
Myklebust AM, Seierstad T, Stranden E, Lerdal A. Level of satisfaction during mammography screening in relation to discomfort, service provided, level of pain and breast compression. Europ J Radiograph 2009; 1(2): 66-72.
[35]
Vachon CM, Brandt KR, Ghosh K, Scott CG, Maloney SD, Carston MJ, et al. Mammographic breast density as a general marker of breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16(1): 43-9.
[36]
Harvey JA, Bovbjerg VE. Quantitative assessment of mammographic breast density: relationship with breast cancer risk 1. Radiology 2004; 230(1): 29-41.
[37]
Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Yaffe MJ, Minkin S. Mammographic density: A hormonally responsive risk factor for breast cancer. Br Menop Soc J 2006; 12(4): 186-93.
[38]
Haiman CA, Bernstein L, Berg D, Ingles SA, Salane M, Ursin G. Genetic determinants of mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res 2002; 4(3): R5.
[39]
Joy JE, Penhoet EE, Petitti DB. Benefits and limitations of mammography Washington (DC). National Academies Press (US) 2005.
[40]
Saarenmaa I, Salminen T, Geiger U, et al. The effect of age and density of the breast on the sensitivity of breast cancer diagnostic by mammography and ultasonography. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001; 67(2): 117-23.
[41]
Ohuchi N, Suzuki A, Sobue T, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of mammography and adjunctive ultrasonography to screen for breast cancer in the Japan Strategic Anti-cancer Randomized Trial (J-START): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 387(10016): 341-8.
[42]
Martin JE, Moskowitz M, Milbrath JR. Breast cancer missed by mammography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1979; 132(5): 737-9.
[43]
Bird RE, Wallace TW, Yankaskas BC. Analysis of cancers missed at screening mammography. Radiology 1992; 184(3): 613-7.
[44]
Kallsher L. Factors influencing false negative rates in xeromammography. Radiology 1979; 133(2): 297-301.
[45]
Goergen SK, Evans J, Cohen G, MacMillan JH. Characteristics of breast carcinomas missed by screening radiologists. Radiology 1997; 204(1): 131-5.
[46]
Holland R, Hendriks J, Mravunac M. Mammographically occult breast cancer: A pathologic and radiologic study. Cancer 1983; 52(10): 1810-9.
[47]
Kriege M, Brekelmans CT, Boetes C, et al. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(5): 427-37.
[48]
Sardanelli F, Podo F, D’Agnolo G, et al. Multicenter comparative multimodality surveillance of women at genetic-familial high risk for breast cancer (HIBCRIT study): Interim Results 1. Radiology 2007; 242(3): 698-715.
[49]
Jesneck JL, Lo JY, Baker JA. Breast mass lesions: Computer-aided diagnosis models with mammographic and sonographic descriptors 1. Radiology 2007; 244(2): 390-8.
[50]
Seely JM. Management of breast magnetic resonance imaging-detected lesions. Can Assoc Radiol J 2012; 63(3): 192-206.
[51]
Ernster VL, Ballard-Barbash R, Barlow WE, et al. Detection of ductal carcinoma in situ in women undergoing screening mammography. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94(20): 1546-54.
[52]
Skrabanek P. The cost-effectiveness of breast cancer screening. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1991; 7(04): 633-5.
[53]
Brown ML. Economic considerations in breast cancer screening of older women. J Gerontol 1992; 47: 51-8.
[54]
Elixhauser A. Costs of breast cancer and the cost-effectiveness of breast cancer screening. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1991; 7(04): 604-15.
[55]
Mushlin AI, Fintor L. Is screening for breast cancer cost‐effective? Cancer 1992; 69(S7): 1957-62.
[56]
Okubo I, Glick H, Frumkin H, Eisenberg JM. Cost‐effectiveness analysis of mass screening for breast cancer in Japan. Cancer 1991; 67(8): 2021-9.
[57]
Foundation TNZBC. [Available from: http://nzbcf.org.nz/BREASTCANCER/Mammograms/WhatShouldIDo.aspx
[59]
Van Der Maas PJ, De Koning HJ, Ineveld V, et al. The cost‐effectiveness of breast cancer screening. Int J Cancer 1989; 43(6): 1055-60.
[60]
de Koning HJ, Martin van Ineveld B, van Oortmarssen GJ, et al. Breast cancer screening and cost‐effectiveness; policy alternatives, quality of life considerations and the possible impact of uncertain factors. Int J Cancer 1991; 49(4): 531-7.
[61]
Houssami N, Miglioretti DL. Digital breast tomosynthesis: A brave new world of mammography screening. JAMA Oncol 2016; 2(6): 725-7.
[62]
Houssami N, Skaane P. Overview of the evidence on digital breast tomosynthesis in breast cancer detection. Breast 2013; 22(2): 101-8.
[63]
Friedewald SM. Breast tomosynthesis: Practical considerations. Radiol Clin North Am 2017; 55(3): 493-502.
[64]
van Schie G, Mann R, Imhof-Tas M, Karssemeijer N. Generating synthetic mammograms from reconstructed tomosynthesis volumes. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2013; 32(12): 2322-31.
[65]
Melnikow J, Fenton JJ, Miglioretti D, Whitlock EP, Weyrich MS. Screening for breast cancer with digital breast tomosynthesis. Agency for healthcare research and quality (US); 2016.
[66]
Imaging MRB. The Breast Health Resource [Available from: http://imaginis.com/breasthealth/mri.asp
[68]
Safir J, Zito JL, Gershwind ME, et al. Contrast-enhanced breast mri for cancer detection using a commercially available system-a perspective. Clin Imaging 1998; 22(3): 162-79.
[69]
Warner E, Plewes D, Shumak R, et al. Comparison of breast magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, and ultrasound for surveillance of women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(15): 3524-31.
[70]
Laura C, Elisabetta De M, Federica S, Angela T, et al. Radiological screening programs for women at high risk of developing breast cancer. Curr Womens Health Rev 2012; 8(1): 72-85.
[71]
Morris EA. Rethinking breast cancer screening: Ultra fast breast magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32(22): 2281-3.
[72]
Berg WA. Tailored supplemental screening for breast cancer: What now and what next? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192(2): 390-9.
[73]
Kovacs L, Eder M, Hollweck R, et al. Comparison between breast volume measurement using 3D surface imaging and classical techniques. Breast 2007; 16(2): 137-45.
[74]
Borchartt TB, Conci A, Lima RC, Resmini R, Sanchez A. Breast thermography from an image processing viewpoint: A survey. Signal Processing 2013; 93(10): 2785-803.
[75]
Harms S, Flamig D, Hesley K, et al. MR imaging of the breast with rotating delivery of excitation off resonance: clinical experience with pathologic correlation. Radiology 1993; 187(2): 493-501.
[76]
Uma S, Raju S, Naranamangalam RJ. Characterization of breast lesions by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy (MRS). Curr Med Imaging Rev 2006; 2(3): 329-40.
[77]
Stomper PC, Herman S, Klippenstein DL, et al. Suspect breast lesions: Findings at dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging correlated with mammographic and pathologic features. Radiology 1995; 197(2): 387-95.
[78]
Lehman CD, Gatsonis C, Kuhl CK, et al. MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(13): 1295-303.
[79]
Lord S, Lei W, Craft P, Cawson J, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an addition to mammography and ultrasound in screening young women at high risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43(13): 1905-17.
[80]
Choi B, Kim H, Kim E, et al. New subtraction algorithms for evaluation of lesions on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR mammography. Eur Radiol 2002; 12(12): 3018-22.
[81]
Rim A, Chellman-Jeffers M, Fanning A. Trends in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Cleve Clin J Med 2008; 75(1): S2.
[82]
Langer SA, Horst KC, Ikeda DM, Daniel BL, Kong CS, Dirbas FM. Pathologic correlates of false positive breast magnetic resonance imaging findings: which lesions warrant biopsy? Am J Surg 2005; 190(4): 633-40.
[83]
Mann RM, Kuhl CK, Kinkel K, Boetes C. Breast MRI: Guidelines from the European society of breast imaging. Eur Radiol 2008; 18(7): 1307-18.
[84]
Kuhl CK, Mielcareck P, Klaschik S, et al. Dynamic breast mr imaging: Are signal intensity time course data useful for differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions? Radiology 1999; 211(1): 101-10.
[85]
Woodhams R, Ramadan S, Stanwell P, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the breast: Principles and clinical applications. Radiographics 2011; 31(4): 1059-84.
[86]
Westra C, Dialani V, Mehta TS, Eisenberg RL. Using T2-weighted sequences to more accurately characterize breast masses seen on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 202(3): W183-90.
[87]
Carpenter AP, Leemis LM, Papir AS, Phillips DJ, Phillips GS. Managing magnetic resonance imaging machines: support tools for scheduling and planning. Health Care Manage Sci 2011; 14(2): 158-73.
[88]
Saadatmand S, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Rutgers EJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening women with familial risk for breast cancer with magnetic resonance imaging. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105(17): 1314-21.
[90]
Kuhl CK, Schild HH. Dynamic image interpretation of MRI of the breast. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 12(6): 965-74.
[91]
Sutcliffe JB, Otto PM. Controversies in breast MRI. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2013; 42(4): 149-63.
[92]
Edell S, Eisen M. Current imaging modalities for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Del Med J 1999; 71(9): 377-82.
[93]
Hardy J, Powles T, Judson I, et al. How many tests are required in the diagnosis of palpable breast abnormalities? Clin Oncol 1990; 2(3): 148-52.
[94]
Moss HA, Britton PD, Flower CD, Freeman AH, Lomas DJ, Warren RM. How reliable is modern breast imaging in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions in the symptomatic population? Clin Radiol 1999; 54(10): 676-82.
[95]
Skaane P, Engedal K, Skjennald A. Interobserver variation in the interpretation of breast imaging: comparison of mammography, ultrasonography, and both combined in the interpretation of palpable noncalcified breast masses. Acta Radiol 1997; 38(4): 497-502.
[96]
Khalkhali I, Vargas H. Practical use of ultrasound at a dedicated breast center. Breast J 2005; 11(3): 165-6.
[97]
Madjar H. Role of breast ultrasound for the detection and differentiation of breast lesions. Breast Care 2010; 5(2): 109-14.
[98]
Fornage BD. Local and regional staging of invasive breast cancer with sonography: 25 years of practice at MD Anderson cancer center. Oncologist 2014; 19: 5-15.
[99]
Smith RA, Saslow D, Sawyer KA, et al. American cancer society guidelines for breast cancer screening: Update 2003. Canc J Clinic 2003; 53(3): 141-69.
[100]
Haloua M, Krekel N, Coupé V, et al. Ultrasound-guided surgery for palpable breast cancer is cost-saving: Results of a cost-benefit analysis. Breast 2013; 22(3): 238-43.
[102]
Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH. Occult cancer in women with dense breasts: Detection with screening US--diagnostic yield and tumor characteristics. Radiology 1998; 207(1): 191-9.
[103]
Berg WA, Zhang Z, Lehrer D, et al. Detection of breast cancer with addition of annual screening ultrasound or a single screening MRI to mammography in women with elevated breast cancer risk. JAMA 2012; 307(13): 1394-404.
[104]
Soo MS, Baker JA, Rosen EL. Sonographic detection and sonographically guided biopsy of breast microcalcifications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180(4): 941-8.
[105]
Buchberger W, DeKoekkoek-Doll P, Springer P, Obrist P, Dünser M. Incidental findings on sonography of the breast: Clinical significance and diagnostic workup. Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173(4): 921-7.
[106]
Sickles EA, Filly RA, Callen PW. Breast cancer detection with sonography and mammography: comparison using state-of-the-art equipment. Am J Roentgenol 1983; 140(5): 843-5.
[107]
Fear EC, Li X, Hagness SC, Stuchly M. Confocal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: Localization of tumors in three dimensions. Biomed Eng IEEE Trans 2002; 49(8): 812-22.
[108]
Gabriel S, Lau R, Gabriel C. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Phys Med Biol 1996; 41(11): 2251.
[109]
Schepps JL, Foster KR. The UHF and microwave dielectric properties of normal and tumour tissues: variation in dielectric properties with tissue water content. Phys Med Biol 1980; 25(6): 1149.
[110]
Grzegorczyk TM, Meaney PM, Kaufman PA, di Florio-Alexander RM, Paulsen KD. Fast 3-D tomographic microwave imaging for breast cancer detection. Med Imaging IEEE Trans 2012; 31(8): 1584-92.
[111]
Haslam NC, Gillespie AR, Haslam C. Aperture synthesis thermography-A new approach to passive microwave temperature measurements in the body. Microw Theor Tech IEEE Trans 1984; 32(8): 829-35.
[112]
Barrett A, Myers PC, Sadowsky N. Detection of breast cancer by microwave radiometry. Radio Sci 1977; 12(6S): 167-71.
[113]
Land D. A clinical microwave thermography system. In: IEE Proceedings A (Physical science, measurement and instrumentation, management and education, reviews). IET 1987; Vol. 134(2): pp. 193-200.
[116]
Li X, Bond EJ, Van Veen BD, Hagness SC. An overview of ultra-wideband microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early-stage breast-cancer detection. Anten Propag Mag IEEE 2005; 47(1): 19-34.
[117]
Fhager A, Gustafsson M, Nordebo S. Image reconstruction in microwave tomography using a dielectric Debye model. Biomed Eng IEEE Trans 2012; 59(1): 156-66.
[118]
Stang JP. A Three-dimensional active microwave imaging system for breast cancer screening: ProQuest; 2008.
[119]
Bourqui J, Sill JM, Fear EC. A prototype system for measuring microwave frequency reflections from the breast. J Biomed Imaging 2012; 2012: 9.
[120]
Chaudhary S, Mishra R, Swarup A, Thomas JM. Dielectric properties of normal & malignant human breast tissues at radiowave & microwave frequencies. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1984; 21(1): 76.
[121]
Sill JM, Fear EC. Tissue sensing adaptive radar for breast cancer detection-experimental investigation of simple tumor models. Microw Theory Tech IEEE Trans 2005; 53(11): 3312-9.
[122]
Klemm M, Leendertz J, Gibbins D, Craddock I, Preece A, Benjamin R. Microwave radar-based breast cancer detection: Imaging in inhomogeneous breast phantoms. Anten Wirel Propag Lett IEEE 2009; 8: 1349-52.
[123]
Klemm M, Craddock I, Leendertz J, Preece A, Benjamin R, Eds. Experimental and clinical results of breast cancer detection using UWB microwave radar 2008. Antennas and propagation society international symposium, 2008 AP-S 2008 IEEE; 2008.
[124]
Fear EC, Meaney PM, Stuchly M. Microwaves for breast cancer detection? Potentials IEEE 2003; 22(1): 12-8.
[125]
Garra BS, Cespedes EI, Ophir J, et al. Elastography of breast lesions: Initial clinical results. Radiology 1997; 202(1): 79-86.
[126]
Gennisson JL, Deffieux T, Fink M, Tanter M. Ultrasound elastography: Principles and techniques. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013; 94(5): 487-95.
[127]
Goddi A, Bonardi M, Alessi S. Breast elastography: A literature review. J Ultrason 2012; 15(3): 192-8.
[128]
Cho N, Moon WK, Park JS, Cha JH, Jang M, Seong MH. Nonpalpable breast masses: Evaluation by US elastography. Korean J Radiol 2008; 9(2): 111-8.
[129]
Ophir J, Cespedes I, Ponnekanti H, Yazdi Y, Li X. Elastography: A quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues. Ultrason Imaging 1991; 13(2): 111-34.
[130]
Claire P-B, Mallika S, Karen KL, Michael FI. Ultrasonic elasticity imaging as a tool for breast cancer diagnosis and research. Curr Med Imaging Rev 2006; 2(1): 157-64.
[131]
Zhi H, Ou B, Luo B-M, Feng X, Wen Y-L, Yang H-Y. Comparison of ultrasound elastography, mammography, and sonography in the diagnosis of solid breast lesions. J Ultrasound Med 2007; 26(6): 807-15.
[132]
Gheonea IA, Stoica Z, Bondari S. Differential diagnosis of breast lesions using ultrasound elastography. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2011; 21(4): 301.
[133]
Grajo JR, Barr RG. Compression elasticity imaging of the breast: An overview. Appl Radiol 2012; 41(10): 18.
[134]
Peters A, Milsant A, Rouzé J, Ray L, Chase JG, Houten EEWV. Digital image-based elasto-tomography: proof of concept studies for surface based mechanical property reconstruction. Inter J Ser C Mech Syst Mach Elem Manufact 2004; 47(4): 1117-23.
[135]
Kashif AS, Lotz TF, Heeren AM, Chase JG. Separate modal analysis for tumor detection with a Digital Image Elasto Tomography (DIET) breast cancer screening system. Med Phys 2013; 40(11): 113503.
[136]
Van Houten EE, Peters A, Chase JG. Phantom elasticity reconstruction with digital image elasto-tomography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4(8): 1741-54.
[137]
Kuhl CK, Schmutzler RK, Leutner CC, et al. Breast MR imaging screening in 192 women proved or suspected to be carriers of a breast cancer susceptibility gene: Preliminary results 1. Radiology 2000; 215(1): 267-79.
[138]
Dodd GD. Present status of thermography, ultrasound and mammography in breast cancer detection. Cancer 1977; 39(6): 2796-805.
[139]
Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH. Comparison of the performance of screening mammography, physical examination, and breast us and evaluation of factors that influence them: An analysis of 27,825 patient evaluations 1. Radiology 2002; 225(1): 165-75.
[140]
Manoliu R, Ooms G. The accuracy of mammography: an analysis of 655 histologically verified cases. Radiol Clin 1976; 46(6): 422-9.
[141]
Ohlinger R, Heyer H, Thomas A, et al. Non-palpable breast lesions in asymptomatic women: Diagnostic value of initial ultrasonography and comparison with mammography. Anticancer Res 2006; 26(5B): 3943-55.
[142]
Habib S. Maseeh-uz-Zaman HA, Niaz K, Hashmi H, Kamal S. Diagnostic accuracy of Tc-99m-MIBI for breast carcinoma in correlation with mammography and sonography. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2009; 19(10): 622-6.
[143]
Standertskjöld-Nordenstam C, Svinhufvud U. Mammography of symptomatic breasts. A report on 1119 consecutive patients. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1980; 69(2): 48-53.
[144]
Luczyńska E, Heinze-Paluchowska S, Dyczek S, Blecharz P, Rys J, Reinfuss M. Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography: Comparison with conventional mammography and histopathology in 152 women. Korean J Radiol 2014; 15(6): 689-96.
[145]
Burman ML, Taplin SH, Herta DF, Elmore JG. Effect of false-positive mammograms on interval breast cancer screening in a health maintenance organization. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131(1): 1-6.
[146]
Egan R, Egan K. Detection of breast carcinoma: Comparison of automated water-path whole-breast sonography, mammography, and physical examination. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984; 143(3): 493-7.
[147]
Spick C, Szolar DH, Preidler KW, Tillich M, Reittner P, Baltzer PA. Breast MRI used as a problem-solving tool reliably excludes malignancy. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84(1): 61-4.
[148]
Heinisch M, Gallowitsch H, Mikosch P, et al. Comparison of FDG-PET and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the evaluation of suggestive breast lesions. Breast 2003; 12(1): 17-22.
[149]
Hayashi Y, Takei H, Nozu S, et al. Analysis of complete response by MRI following neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts pathological tumor responses differently for molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 5(1): 83-9.
[150]
Belli P, Costantini M, Malaspina C, Magistrelli A, Latorre G, Bonomo L. MRI accuracy in residual disease evaluation in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Radiol 2006; 61(11): 946-53.
[151]
Satake H, Shimamoto K, Sawaki A, et al. Role of ultrasonography in the detection of intraductal spread of breast cancer: Correlation with pathologic findings, mammography and MR imaging. Eur Radiol 2000; 10(11): 1726-32.
[152]
Lumachi F, Tregnaghi A, Ferretti G, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography and 99m Tc-sestamibi scintimammography for assessing axillary lymph node status in breast cancer patients. A prospective study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32(9): 933-6.
[153]
Stavros AT, Thickman D, Rapp CL, Dennis MA, Parker SH, Sisney GA. Solid breast nodules: Use of sonography to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Radiology 1995; 196(1): 123-34.
[154]
Chang R-F, Wu W-J, Moon WK, Chen D-R. Improvement in breast tumor discrimination by support vector machines and speckle-emphasis texture analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29(5): 679-86.
[155]
Chang R-F, Wu W-J, Moon WK, Chou Y-H, Chen D-R. Support vector machines for diagnosis of breast tumors on US images. Acad Radiol 2003; 10(2): 189-97.
[156]
Giuseppetti GM, Martegani A, Di Cioccio B, Baldassarre S. Elastosonography in the diagnosis of the nodular breast lesions: Preliminary report. Radiol Med 2004; 110(1-2): 69-76.
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
01 August, 2024
Intelligent Information Retrieval for Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging
Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging is an interdisciplinary research area, widely focuses on spectral, spatial, and temporal data. It offers a plethora of opportunities to efficiently analyze the vast area of the earth's surface. However, there are numerous factors such as dimensionality and size of the hyperspectral data, lesser training samples, ...read more
18 May, 2024
Machine and Deep Learning in Medical Image Diagnosis
Medical Image Processing regards a set of methodologies that have been developed over recent years with the purpose of improving medical image quality, improving medical data visualization, understanding, and assisting medical diagnosis, and so on. The application of machine and deep learning methods in sensing and imaging can potentially have ...read more
03 September, 2024
Quantum Machine Learning for Medical Data and Imaging
Quantum computing has promised a significant speedup in certain computationally intensive tasks that are intractable on classical computers. Researchers in quantum machine learning, such as those working in computer vision, image processing, biomedical analysis, and related topics, may play an important role in comprehending and working on complicated medical data, ...read more
Article Metrics
48
5