Abstract
Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hyperhomocysteinemia has also been associated with total and CVD mortality. However, whether Hcy is just a marker or plays a causal role in CVD remains to be elucidated. In this narrative review, we discuss the associations between Hcy and non-cardiac vascular diseases, namely stroke, peripheral artery disease (PAD), carotid artery disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and erectile dysfunction (ED). The effects of several drugs on Hcy levels are also considered.
Folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 supplementation can significantly decrease circulating Hcy concentrations but their effects on CVD risk reduction are conflicting. No current guidelines recommend the routine screening of Hcy levels in patients with non-cardiac vascular diseases. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the use of Hcy in the clinical practice.Keywords: Homocysteine, stroke, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery disease, chronic kidney disease, erectile dysfunction, vitamin B.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Homocysteine and Non-Cardiac Vascular Disease
Volume: 23 Issue: 22
Author(s): Niki Katsiki, Pablo Perez-Martinez and Dimitri P. Mikhailidis*
Affiliation:
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics), Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London NW3 2QG,United Kingdom
Keywords: Homocysteine, stroke, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery disease, chronic kidney disease, erectile dysfunction, vitamin B.
Abstract: Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hyperhomocysteinemia has also been associated with total and CVD mortality. However, whether Hcy is just a marker or plays a causal role in CVD remains to be elucidated. In this narrative review, we discuss the associations between Hcy and non-cardiac vascular diseases, namely stroke, peripheral artery disease (PAD), carotid artery disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and erectile dysfunction (ED). The effects of several drugs on Hcy levels are also considered.
Folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 supplementation can significantly decrease circulating Hcy concentrations but their effects on CVD risk reduction are conflicting. No current guidelines recommend the routine screening of Hcy levels in patients with non-cardiac vascular diseases. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the use of Hcy in the clinical practice.Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Katsiki Niki , Perez-Martinez Pablo and Mikhailidis P. Dimitri *, Homocysteine and Non-Cardiac Vascular Disease, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2017; 23 (22) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170317124913
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170317124913 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Heme Oxygenase-1 against Vascular Insufficiency: Roles of Atherosclerotic Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Epidemiology and Management of Infectious Complications in Contemporary Management of Chronic Leukemias
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Role, Function and Therapeutic Potential of microRNAs in Vascular Aging
Current Vascular Pharmacology Targeting Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Channels for Diseases of the Nervous System
Current Drug Targets The Many Antithrombotic Actions of Nitric Oxide
Current Drug Targets Common and Less Common Peripheral Nerve Disorders Associated with Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Contribution of Platelet-Derived CD40 Ligand to Inflammation, Thrombosis and Neoangiogenesis
Current Medicinal Chemistry Impact of Tracer Retention Levels on Visual Analysis of Cerebral [<sup>18</sup>F]- Florbetaben Pet Images
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Atherosclerotic and Non-Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Current Medicinal Chemistry Statins in Aortic Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Prophylactic Use of Nimodipine in Patients with an Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Management of Hypertension in the Acute Phase of Stroke
Current Hypertension Reviews Lessons from the REACH Registry in Europe
Current Vascular Pharmacology Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Role of Vitamins, and Herbal Extracts in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Risks
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants as a Therapeutic Strategy for Protecting Endothelium in Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Role of Antiplatelet Agents in the Management of Patients Receiving Intracardiac Closure Devices
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Advances in Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury
Current Neuropharmacology MicroRNAs as Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers of Cardiac Disease
Recent Patents on Biomarkers Sp/KLF Family and Tumor Angiogenesis in Pancreatic Cancer
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of miRNAs in Coronary Artery Disease
Current Signal Transduction Therapy