Abstract
Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. The influenza infection can pass out without any subclinical symptoms or infestation can appear in upper respiratory tract as well as in lower respiratory tract where it can result in lethal outcome.
Both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated shortly after infection providing protection against infection. Many activities of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by cytokines. However, inordinate or disbalanced immune response may result in overproduction of cytokines as well as chemokines which can lead to severe inflammation, including excessive recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells at the site of infection. These may damage lung tissue, reduce respiratory capacity, and cause severe disease and mortality. Recently, the role of cytokines induced by virus infection has been reevaluated. While moderate inflammatory response protects against development of severe illness, the hyper-inflammatory response can elevate the disease progression. In this mini-review, we summarized the data on cytokines and chemokines induced in the sera of hospitalized patients infected with human and avian influenza viruses and define their possible role in pathogenesis. Interleukin IL-6 and chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CCL-4/MIP-1β, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are associated with pathogenicity of both avian (H5N1 and H7N9) and human (pdmH1N1 and H3N2) viruses. Chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are also related with mortality. These cytokines may be used as targets for new, more complex therapy in the extenuation of unfavorable effects of hyper inflammatory response.Keywords: Cytokines, chemokines, interferon, influenza virus, interleukin, immunity, pathogenesis, macrophage, NK cell, T cell, B cell.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Cytokines Induced During Influenza Virus Infection
Volume: 23 Issue: 18
Author(s): Tatiana Betakova*, Anna Kostrabova, Veronika Lachova and Lucia Turianova
Affiliation:
- Biomedical research Center, Institute of Virology, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava,Slovakia
Keywords: Cytokines, chemokines, interferon, influenza virus, interleukin, immunity, pathogenesis, macrophage, NK cell, T cell, B cell.
Abstract: Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. The influenza infection can pass out without any subclinical symptoms or infestation can appear in upper respiratory tract as well as in lower respiratory tract where it can result in lethal outcome.
Both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated shortly after infection providing protection against infection. Many activities of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by cytokines. However, inordinate or disbalanced immune response may result in overproduction of cytokines as well as chemokines which can lead to severe inflammation, including excessive recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells at the site of infection. These may damage lung tissue, reduce respiratory capacity, and cause severe disease and mortality. Recently, the role of cytokines induced by virus infection has been reevaluated. While moderate inflammatory response protects against development of severe illness, the hyper-inflammatory response can elevate the disease progression. In this mini-review, we summarized the data on cytokines and chemokines induced in the sera of hospitalized patients infected with human and avian influenza viruses and define their possible role in pathogenesis. Interleukin IL-6 and chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CCL-4/MIP-1β, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are associated with pathogenicity of both avian (H5N1 and H7N9) and human (pdmH1N1 and H3N2) viruses. Chemokines CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-9/MIG, and CXCL-10/IP-10 are also related with mortality. These cytokines may be used as targets for new, more complex therapy in the extenuation of unfavorable effects of hyper inflammatory response.Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Betakova Tatiana*, Kostrabova Anna, Lachova Veronika and Turianova Lucia , Cytokines Induced During Influenza Virus Infection, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2017; 23 (18) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170316123736
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170316123736 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Bridging the Gap: The Potential Role of Corticosteroid Binding Globulin in Cardiac Steroid Facilitation
Current Drug Targets Role of FXR in Regulating Bile Acid Homeostasis and Relevance for Human Diseases
Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Biological Rationale for Regular Physical Exercise as an Effective Intervention for the Prevention and Treatment of Depressive Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Selenium-Rich Foods: a Promising Approach to Colorectal Cancer Prevention
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Thymoquinone: Major Molecular Targets, Prominent Pharmacological Actions and Drug Delivery Concerns
Current Bioactive Compounds Potential Application of Silver Nanoparticles in Medicine
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia Interleukin Receptor Antagonists and Janus Kinase Inhibitors Repurposed for Treatment of COVID-19
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Acute <i>Versus</i> Chronic Administration of Calcineurin-Inhibitors Differentially Affect T-Cell Function
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Characterization of Heme Oxygenase in Adult Rodent Platelets
Current Neurovascular Research Synthesis, Characterization and Comparison of Local Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity of Copper and Zinc Complexes of Indomethacin
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Biologic Therapy in Inflammatory and Immunomediated Arthritis: Safety Profile
Current Drug Safety Cargo-Delivery Platforms for Targeted Delivery of Inhibitor Cargos Against Botulism
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry New Directions for Half-Life Extension of Protein Therapeutics: The Rise of Antibody Fc Domains and Fragments
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Chemokine Network in the Nervous System: A New Target for Pain Relief
Current Medicinal Chemistry Patient Perspectives in OMERACT Provide an Anchor for Future Metric Development and Improved Approaches to Healthcare Delivery in Connective Tissue Disease Related Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD)
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Toward a Design of Affordable, Topical Microbicides: Acylcarnitine Analogues
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Metalloproteinases in Tendon Pathophysiology
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Mucin-based Targeted Pancreatic Cancer Therapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Generation of Regulatory T Cells to Antigen Expressed in the Retina
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) From Body Art to Anticancer Activities: Perspectives on Medicinal Properties of Henna
Current Drug Targets