Abstract
Transient global ischemic cerebral injury is a consequence of cardiac arrest and accounts for approximately 450,000 annual deaths with a mortality of approximately 90%. Serious morbidity follows for many of the survivors and up to 16% of patients achieving restoration of spontaneous circulation develop brain death. Other survivors are left with persistent cognitive impairment such as memory and sensimotor deficits, reducing quality of life and resulting in heavy costs on society. Many studies over the years have been devoted to improving outcome after cardiac arrest and have, to a certain degree succeeded, especially locally in areas where improvement of ambulance organizations have been effective. In spite of this serious problems remain and the chances of cerebral survival need to increase if over-all results, i.e. survival as well as cognitive function, are to improve. Methylene blue, a textile dye synthesized in the late 19th century has also been used in medicine for different purposes. One of its effects is to increase systemic blood pressure, but other effects have been documented, among which are its neuroprotective effects well-noted during the last few years. In this review we have appraised these findings in relation to global ischemic injury.
Keywords: Global ischemia, cardiac arrest, neuronal cell injury, glial cell activation, ubiquitin expression, methylene blue, neuroprotection, blood-brain barrier.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:Neuroprotection by Methylene Blue in Cerebral Global Ischemic Injury Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Brain Pathology: A Review
Volume: 15 Issue: 9
Author(s): Lars Wiklund, Aruna Sharma and Hari Shanker Sharma
Affiliation:
Keywords: Global ischemia, cardiac arrest, neuronal cell injury, glial cell activation, ubiquitin expression, methylene blue, neuroprotection, blood-brain barrier.
Abstract: Transient global ischemic cerebral injury is a consequence of cardiac arrest and accounts for approximately 450,000 annual deaths with a mortality of approximately 90%. Serious morbidity follows for many of the survivors and up to 16% of patients achieving restoration of spontaneous circulation develop brain death. Other survivors are left with persistent cognitive impairment such as memory and sensimotor deficits, reducing quality of life and resulting in heavy costs on society. Many studies over the years have been devoted to improving outcome after cardiac arrest and have, to a certain degree succeeded, especially locally in areas where improvement of ambulance organizations have been effective. In spite of this serious problems remain and the chances of cerebral survival need to increase if over-all results, i.e. survival as well as cognitive function, are to improve. Methylene blue, a textile dye synthesized in the late 19th century has also been used in medicine for different purposes. One of its effects is to increase systemic blood pressure, but other effects have been documented, among which are its neuroprotective effects well-noted during the last few years. In this review we have appraised these findings in relation to global ischemic injury.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Wiklund Lars, Sharma Aruna and Sharma Shanker Hari, Neuroprotection by Methylene Blue in Cerebral Global Ischemic Injury Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Brain Pathology: A Review, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2016; 15 (9) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666160915114516
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666160915114516 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infectious diseases
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into bacterial, tuberculous, viral, fungal, parasitic infections, etc. Early etiological treatment is often the most crucial means to reduce the mortality rate of patients with central nervous system infections, reduce complications and sequelae, and improve prognosis. The initial clinical ...read more
Techniques of Drug Repurposing: Delivering a new life to Herbs & Drugs
Of late, with the adaptation of innovative approaches and integration of advancements made towards medical sciences as well as the availability of a wide range of tools; several therapeutic challenges are being translated into viable clinical solutions, with a high degree of efficacy, safety, and selectivity. With a better understanding ...read more
Trends and perspectives in the rational management of CNS disorders
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases enforce a significant global health burden, driving ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and effectiveness of therapy. This issue investigates current advances in the discipline, focusing on the understanding as well as therapeutic handling of various CNS diseases. The issue covers a variety of diseases, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Relations of Magnesium Intake with Metabolic Risk Factors and Risks of Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Appraisal
Current Nutrition & Food Science Editorial: News in Cardiovascular Surgery Treatment: Is there Anything to do Before and After it?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Zinc, Metallothioneins and Longevity: Interrelationships with Niacin and Selenium
Current Pharmaceutical Design Activated Protein C: A Promising Drug with Multiple Effects?
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry An Update on the Association of Protein Kinases with Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cardioprotection Techniques: Preconditioning, Postconditioning and Remote Con-ditioning (Basic Science)
Current Pharmaceutical Design Evidence For A Functional Contribution of Adenosine Signalling in Inflammatory Airway Diseases
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Attenuation of Cardiac Ischaemia-reperfusion Injury by Treatment with Hydrogen-rich Water
Current Molecular Medicine Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets
Current Medicinal Chemistry Recent Patents on Biomarkers for AKI
Recent Patents on Biomarkers Carbon Monoxide, A Two-Face for the Protection of the Liver
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Novel Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives
Current Drug Metabolism Na+/Ca2+ Exchange Inhibitors: A New Class of Calcium Regulators
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Disease
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Nanotechnology Effects of Polyphenolic Derivatives on Heme Oxygenase-System in Metabolic Dysfunctions
Current Medicinal Chemistry Total Bakkenolides Protects Neurons Against Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics and Epigenetics of Nrf2-regulated Xenobioticmetabolizing Enzymes and Transporters by Dietary Phytochemical and Cancer Chemoprevention
Current Drug Metabolism Calpains: Attractive Targets for the Development of Synthetic Inhibitors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Renoprotective Potency of Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction in Rat Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued)