Abstract
Background: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) is the first cause of death in Western Countries. Several risk factors contribute to generate atherosclerosis and the preventive therapeutic approaches, in particular statin therapy, reduce the mortality. However, the residual risk in statin treated patients remains significant, despite reaching the low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) goals.
Methods: we reviewed the literature published in PUB-MED to discuss the role of residual dyslipidemia in particular high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], genetic factors, suboptimal implementation of lifestyle therapy, mood disorders associated to low compliance to application of evidence-based therapies or related to ASCVD.
Results: we summarized the current knowledge on the topic, evidencing its contradictory aspects.
Conclusion: HDL-C is an important biomarker for predicting cardiovascular risk, but the classical HDL hypothesis is no longer correct and it is now being replaced by the HDL function hypothesis, thought more studies are needed to validate it. The connection between cardiovascular risk and levels of TGs is not so definite. APOE genotype and Lp(a) levels are two genetics factors associated to CV risk. Healthy lifestyle with particular dietetic factors, connected to psychological aspects, are very important for the optimal control of the global risk.
Keywords: Residual risk, lipid-lowering therapy, atherogenic dyslipidemia, genetic risk, correct lifestyle, cardiovascular prevention.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Cholesterol Lowering Therapy: Treat to Target or Reduce the Global Risk? The Unresolved Problem of Residual Risk
Volume: 22 Issue: 37
Author(s): Giulia Bruzzone, Giorgia Corbelli, Paola Belci, Annalaura Cremonini, Aldo Pende and Livia Pisciotta
Affiliation:
Keywords: Residual risk, lipid-lowering therapy, atherogenic dyslipidemia, genetic risk, correct lifestyle, cardiovascular prevention.
Abstract: Background: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) is the first cause of death in Western Countries. Several risk factors contribute to generate atherosclerosis and the preventive therapeutic approaches, in particular statin therapy, reduce the mortality. However, the residual risk in statin treated patients remains significant, despite reaching the low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) goals.
Methods: we reviewed the literature published in PUB-MED to discuss the role of residual dyslipidemia in particular high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], genetic factors, suboptimal implementation of lifestyle therapy, mood disorders associated to low compliance to application of evidence-based therapies or related to ASCVD.
Results: we summarized the current knowledge on the topic, evidencing its contradictory aspects.
Conclusion: HDL-C is an important biomarker for predicting cardiovascular risk, but the classical HDL hypothesis is no longer correct and it is now being replaced by the HDL function hypothesis, thought more studies are needed to validate it. The connection between cardiovascular risk and levels of TGs is not so definite. APOE genotype and Lp(a) levels are two genetics factors associated to CV risk. Healthy lifestyle with particular dietetic factors, connected to psychological aspects, are very important for the optimal control of the global risk.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Bruzzone Giulia, Corbelli Giorgia, Belci Paola, Cremonini Annalaura, Pende Aldo and Pisciotta Livia, Cholesterol Lowering Therapy: Treat to Target or Reduce the Global Risk? The Unresolved Problem of Residual Risk, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (37) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160822143753
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160822143753 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Cardiovascular Disease in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Is Bilirubin a Marker of Vascular Disease and/or Cancer and is it a Potential Therapeutic Target?
Current Pharmaceutical Design PPARγ Activation Improves the Molecular and Functional Components of Ito Remodeling by Angiotensin II
Current Pharmaceutical Design 12-Lipoxygenase: A Potential Target for Novel Anti-Platelet Therapeutics
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity-Related Hypertension
Current Hypertension Reviews Coronary Microcirculation in Ischemic Heart Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Combination of Captopril with Gliclazide Decreases Vascular and Renal Complications and Improves Glycemic Control in Rats with Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetes Mellitus
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Bisthiourea Derivatives of Dipeptide Conjugated Benzo[d]isoxazole as a New Class of Therapeutics: Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Nutrigenomics and its Impact on Life Style Associated Metabolic Diseases
Current Genomics Exercise and Ischemic Preconditioning
Current Cardiology Reviews Targeting Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Cardiometabolic Diseases and Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Current Drug Targets Medicinal Agents and Metabolic Syndrome
Current Medicinal Chemistry Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Antiplatelet Treatment in Ischemic Stroke Treatment
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Myocardial Infarction with Non Obstructive Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Case Report
New Emirates Medical Journal Modulation of Cardiac Metabolism During Myocardial Ischemia
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Subclinical Iatrogenic Hyperthyroidism in the Setting of Heart Disease and Arrhythmic Burden
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest –Optimal Management
Current Cardiology Reviews Targeted Drug Delivery for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Current Drug Targets Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells as an Attractive Tool for Clinical Applications
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy