Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra, is pathogenic to a wide variety of wild and domestic animals, including equines, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, pigs, dogs, tigers, elephants etc. The infection is mainly restricted to animals but ability to infect human beings has also been reported due to the lack of efficient apolipoprotein L 1. The parasite is mechanically transmitted by blood-sucking flies such as Tabanus and Stomoxys species. The disease has a major economic impact in tropical countries. The control of trypanosomosis may be aimed either at the fly or against the parasite. Due to difficulties in large scale fly control, trypanocides have been widely used to control the disease. However, current chemotherapeutic agents are limited in number and usually associated with severe side effects. Moreover, current therapeutic agents are far from ideal. The emergence of drug resistant trypanosomes results in failure of prophylaxis and treatment of the disease. Retrospective and prospective studies on drug and delivery against T. evansi will provide an overview of the chemotherapeutic and prophylactic measures in vogue and suggest future strategies for combating this neglected disease. In this perspective, we have reviewed the currently used drugs available for prophylaxis and therapy, their mechanism of action and associated limitations. The options available for prophylaxis and therapy along with potential new molecules/therapeutic agents and novel approaches for delivery of the drugs to enhance their therapeutic value are presented in this review.
Keywords: Immunomodulators, Nanodrug delivery, Plant extracts, Therapeutic drugs, Trypanocidal drugs, Trypanosoma evansi.
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Chemotherapeutic Approaches Against Trypanosoma evansi: Retrospective Analysis, Current Status and Future Outlook
Volume: 16 Issue: 20
Author(s): Nitu S. Rathore, Anju Manuja, Balvinder Kumar Manuja and Shalki Choudhary
Affiliation:
Keywords: Immunomodulators, Nanodrug delivery, Plant extracts, Therapeutic drugs, Trypanocidal drugs, Trypanosoma evansi.
Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra, is pathogenic to a wide variety of wild and domestic animals, including equines, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, pigs, dogs, tigers, elephants etc. The infection is mainly restricted to animals but ability to infect human beings has also been reported due to the lack of efficient apolipoprotein L 1. The parasite is mechanically transmitted by blood-sucking flies such as Tabanus and Stomoxys species. The disease has a major economic impact in tropical countries. The control of trypanosomosis may be aimed either at the fly or against the parasite. Due to difficulties in large scale fly control, trypanocides have been widely used to control the disease. However, current chemotherapeutic agents are limited in number and usually associated with severe side effects. Moreover, current therapeutic agents are far from ideal. The emergence of drug resistant trypanosomes results in failure of prophylaxis and treatment of the disease. Retrospective and prospective studies on drug and delivery against T. evansi will provide an overview of the chemotherapeutic and prophylactic measures in vogue and suggest future strategies for combating this neglected disease. In this perspective, we have reviewed the currently used drugs available for prophylaxis and therapy, their mechanism of action and associated limitations. The options available for prophylaxis and therapy along with potential new molecules/therapeutic agents and novel approaches for delivery of the drugs to enhance their therapeutic value are presented in this review.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
S. Rathore Nitu, Manuja Anju, Kumar Manuja Balvinder and Choudhary Shalki, Chemotherapeutic Approaches Against Trypanosoma evansi: Retrospective Analysis, Current Status and Future Outlook, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2016; 16 (20) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160413125802
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160413125802 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Brain Inflammation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Current Neuropharmacology Interleukin-1β Increases Release of Endothelin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor as Well as Reactive Oxygen Species by Peripheral Leukocytes During Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Current Neurovascular Research Ischemic Neuronal Damage
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cytotoxicity of Hydrazones of Morpholine Bearing Mannich Bases Towards Huh7 and T47D Cell Lines and Their Effects on Mitochondrial Respiration
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Leukocyte-mediated Tissue Injury in Ischemic Stroke
Current Medicinal Chemistry Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Dementia
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Combined Modality Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme: The Role of Temozolomide
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Thioredoxin, Glutathione and Related Molecules in Tumors of the Nervous System
Current Medicinal Chemistry Thiazoles and Thiazolidinones as Antioxidants
Current Medicinal Chemistry Albumin Induces Neuroprotection Against Ischemic Stroke by Altering Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Regulatory T Cells in Mice
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Innovative Formulations for the Controlled and Site-specific Delivery of Antiinflammatory Drugs
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) in Different Disease States: Recent Updates
Current Medicinal Chemistry Adrenomedullin-RAMP2 System in Cardiovascular Development and Homeostasis
Current Hypertension Reviews The Role of Glioma Microenvironment in Immune Modulation: Potential Targets for Intervention
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery PPARγ: Potential Therapeutic Target for Ailments Beyond Diabetes and its Natural Agonism
Current Drug Targets MMP-9, a Potential Target for Cerebral Ischemic Treatment
Current Neuropharmacology The Role of the Metabolism of Anticancer Drugs in Their Induced-Cardiotoxicity
Current Drug Metabolism MDMA Toxicity and Pathological Consequences: A Review About Experimental Data and Autopsy Findings
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology COVID-19, the Brain, and the Future: Is Infection by the Novel Coronavirus a Harbinger of Neurodegeneration?
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Evaluation of in vivo Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Novel Derivatives of Ugi-4CR
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry