Abstract
Background: Previous studies suggested that plasma sex hormones may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the relationship between sex hormones and AD remains unclear. Objective: To systematically review and quantitatively analyze studies observing plasma total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels among AD patients. Methods: Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO® were searched for studies published prior to March 28th, 2014. Published studies that reported plasma levels of TT, E2, and SHBG in AD and matched controls were included in the present meta-analysis. Results: Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model, expressing continuous outcomes as the mean difference (MD) between AD and control populations. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. No differences were found in plasma levels of TT and E2 between AD and matched controls (TT MD -0.17 nmol/l, 95%CI -0.54, 0.20; E2 MD -1.16 pmol/l, 95%CI -9.85, 6.83). Plasma levels of SHBG were significantly increased in AD patients compared to healthy controls (SHBG MD 12.94 nmol/l, 95%CI 2.68, 23.20). Conclusion: Patients with AD had higher plasma levels of SHBG. The up-regulated levels of plasma SHBG show preliminary supportive evidence that SHBG and the bioavailability of functional sex hormones in plasma may be linked to the pathogenesis of AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, biomarkers, estradiol, meta-analysis, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone.
Current Alzheimer Research
Title:Testosterone, Estradiol, and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Volume: 13 Issue: 3
Author(s): Jing Xu, Lei-Lei Xia, Ning Song, Sheng-Di Chen and Gang Wang
Affiliation:
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, biomarkers, estradiol, meta-analysis, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone.
Abstract: Background: Previous studies suggested that plasma sex hormones may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the relationship between sex hormones and AD remains unclear. Objective: To systematically review and quantitatively analyze studies observing plasma total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels among AD patients. Methods: Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO® were searched for studies published prior to March 28th, 2014. Published studies that reported plasma levels of TT, E2, and SHBG in AD and matched controls were included in the present meta-analysis. Results: Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model, expressing continuous outcomes as the mean difference (MD) between AD and control populations. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. No differences were found in plasma levels of TT and E2 between AD and matched controls (TT MD -0.17 nmol/l, 95%CI -0.54, 0.20; E2 MD -1.16 pmol/l, 95%CI -9.85, 6.83). Plasma levels of SHBG were significantly increased in AD patients compared to healthy controls (SHBG MD 12.94 nmol/l, 95%CI 2.68, 23.20). Conclusion: Patients with AD had higher plasma levels of SHBG. The up-regulated levels of plasma SHBG show preliminary supportive evidence that SHBG and the bioavailability of functional sex hormones in plasma may be linked to the pathogenesis of AD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Xu Jing, Xia Lei-Lei, Song Ning, Chen Sheng-Di and Wang Gang, Testosterone, Estradiol, and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis, Current Alzheimer Research 2016; 13 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205013666151218145752
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205013666151218145752 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
New Advances in the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Alzheimer's Disease
Aims and Scope: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing prevalence that demands concerted efforts to advance our understanding and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This thematic issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative approaches from multidisciplinary perspectives to address ...read more
Current updates on the Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
Deep Learning for Advancing Alzheimer's Disease Research
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of individuals affected yearly. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has shown immense potential in various domains, including healthcare. This thematic issue of Current Alzheimer Research explores the application of deep learning techniques in advancing our ...read more
Diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of dementia
Dementia affects 18 million people worldwide. Dementia is a syndrome of symptoms caused by brain disease, usually chronic or progressive, clinically characterized by multiple impairments of higher cortical functions such as memory, thinking, orientation, and learning. In addition, in the course of dementia, cognitive deficits are observed, which often hinder ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Insight View on Possible Role of Fluoroquinolones in Cancer Therapy
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Is Metabolic Syndrome Associated to HIV Infection Per Se? Results from the HERMES Study
Current HIV Research Vitamin D Therapy in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Current Pharmaceutical Design Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptides: Production and Implementation of Functional Food
Current Pharmaceutical Design Essential Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Atherosclerosis
Current Medicinal Chemistry Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: Modern Assessment and Diagnosis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Methodologic Issues in the Validation of Putative Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Treatment Evaluation for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets A Dietary Approach for Treating Dyslipidemia and Hyperglycemia
Current Nutrition & Food Science Brain Oxidative Markers in Stress: Possible New Drug Targets Against Neuroinflammation
Current Neuropharmacology The Role of Small, Dense Low-Density-Lipoproteins in Non-Coronary Forms of Atherosclerosis
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Recent Updates on the Calcium-Sensing Receptor as a Drug Target
Current Medicinal Chemistry Adult Neurogenic and Antidepressant Effects of Adiponectin: A Potential Replacement for Exercise
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Hypertension in Older Patients
Current Hypertension Reviews Comparison of Biolimus Versus Everolimus for Drug-Eluting Stents in the Percutaneous Treatment of Infra-Inguinal Arterial Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology Incidence and Management of Carfilzomib-induced Cardiovascular Toxicity; A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Role of AGEs-RAGE System in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Interactions Between Plasma Proteins and Naturally Occurring Polyphenols
Current Drug Metabolism Antiplatelet Therapy in Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Diseases for Primary and Secondary Prevention: A Focus on Old and New Antiplatelet Agents
Current Pharmaceutical Design Endocannabinoid Receptor Antagonists and Other Emerging Pharmacological Strategies for Weight Reduction
Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Peroxisome Proliferator- Activated Receptors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry