Abstract
The overall pharmaceutical market is changing. A more personalised medicine approach is replacing the concept of blockbuster drugs and the “one size fits all” model. The two main forces that fuel the growth of nano-enabled drug technologies are the low aqueous solubility of new chemical entities and the pharmaceutical market itself, as the development of novel drug delivery systems can extend the drug patent lifetime. Classical solubilisation techniques, such as salt formation and the use of cyclodextrins can only be applied to drugs with ionisable groups or specific molecular weight ranges in order to fit in the cavity of the cyclodextrin. However, drug nanonisation, or particle size reduction into the nanosize range, is a versatile technique that can be applied to a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds. Nano-drugs exhibit higher surface area per unit of volume, which leads to faster dissolution kinetics and hence potentially improved bioavailability. Marketed nano-drugs are mostly crystalline due to the improved physical stability afforded by the crystalline state whereas amorphous nano-drugs have been largely neglected in spite of generating higher saturation solubility compared to their crystalline counterparts. Due to the vast potential in the global pharmaceutical market, many technologies have been licensed to produce nano-drugs. Among them, the most successful by far is Nanocrystal® Technology based on wet milling methods. In this review, the main methods to generate and characterise nano-drugs are covered and also, the biopharmaceutical characteristics of the marketed nano-drugs are discussed.
Keywords: Amorphous, Bioavailability, Crystalline, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Stability, Nanocrystal, Nanoamorphous.
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Emerging Nanonisation Technologies: Tailoring Crystalline Versus Amorphous Nanomaterials
Volume: 15 Issue: 22
Author(s): Dolores R. Serrano, Kieran H. Gallagher and Anne Marie Healy
Affiliation:
Keywords: Amorphous, Bioavailability, Crystalline, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Stability, Nanocrystal, Nanoamorphous.
Abstract: The overall pharmaceutical market is changing. A more personalised medicine approach is replacing the concept of blockbuster drugs and the “one size fits all” model. The two main forces that fuel the growth of nano-enabled drug technologies are the low aqueous solubility of new chemical entities and the pharmaceutical market itself, as the development of novel drug delivery systems can extend the drug patent lifetime. Classical solubilisation techniques, such as salt formation and the use of cyclodextrins can only be applied to drugs with ionisable groups or specific molecular weight ranges in order to fit in the cavity of the cyclodextrin. However, drug nanonisation, or particle size reduction into the nanosize range, is a versatile technique that can be applied to a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds. Nano-drugs exhibit higher surface area per unit of volume, which leads to faster dissolution kinetics and hence potentially improved bioavailability. Marketed nano-drugs are mostly crystalline due to the improved physical stability afforded by the crystalline state whereas amorphous nano-drugs have been largely neglected in spite of generating higher saturation solubility compared to their crystalline counterparts. Due to the vast potential in the global pharmaceutical market, many technologies have been licensed to produce nano-drugs. Among them, the most successful by far is Nanocrystal® Technology based on wet milling methods. In this review, the main methods to generate and characterise nano-drugs are covered and also, the biopharmaceutical characteristics of the marketed nano-drugs are discussed.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Serrano R. Dolores, Gallagher H. Kieran and Healy Marie Anne, Emerging Nanonisation Technologies: Tailoring Crystalline Versus Amorphous Nanomaterials, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2015; 15 (22) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150605122917
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150605122917 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Benefits of Oral and Topical Administration of ROQUETTE Chlorella sp. on Skin Inflammation and Wound Healing in Mice
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Targeting Strategies in Therapeutic Applications of Toxoplasmosis: Recent Advances in Liposomal Vaccine Delivery Systems
Current Drug Targets Recent Patents in siRNA Delivery Employing Nanoparticles as Delivery Vectors
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences Animal Models of Depressive Illness: The Importance of Chronic Drug Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Regulation by IFN-α/IFN-γ Co-Formulation (HerberPAG<sup>®</sup>) of Genes Involved in Interferon-STAT-Pathways and Apoptosis in U87MG
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of Novel Imperatorin Derivatives as Vasorelaxant Agents
Medicinal Chemistry Cardiovascular Effects of Biologic Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
Current Vascular Pharmacology Obesity in the Childhood: A Link to Adult Hypertension
Current Pharmaceutical Design Inflammasomes – A Mini-Review
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Pathogenesis and Immune Status in COVID-19 Pneumonia - A Minireview
Coronaviruses Identification of Potential Drug Therapy for Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans with Bioinformatics and Deep Learning Technology
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design How Inhaled Asbestos Causes Scarring and Cancer
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgolide B Against Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Literature
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Optimal Route of Administration of the Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonist Abciximab During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Intravenous Versus Intracoronary
Current Cardiology Reviews Bisphosphonates: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Effects on Bone Cells, Monocytes and Macrophages
Current Pharmaceutical Design Basophil Activation Test with Indomethacin to Assess Hypersensitivity to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Preliminary Study
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Heterocyclic Scaffolds: Centrality in Anticancer Drug Development
Current Drug Targets Dermatomycoses: Challenges and Human Immune Responses
Current Protein & Peptide Science Advances of Knowledge on Allergic Inflammation and the Oral Mucosa
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery New Insights into the Surgical Management of Tetralogy of Fallot: Physiological Fundamentals and Clinical Relevance
Current Pediatric Reviews