Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) to absorb light of visible or near-infrared wavelengths at non-thermal power densities that (in the presence of oxygen) combine together to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main ROS formed are singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals that can both have cytotoxic effects. PDT has two separate mechanisms of specificity due to specific accumulation in the tumor coupled with spatially confined illumination. The first-generation PS were porphyrins, but due to the need for long-wavelength activation to improve tissue penetration, second- generation chlorins (far red) and bacteriochlorins (BC) (near infrared [NIR]) have been investigated. This review covers quantitative structure-function relationship with charge and lipophilicity, the effect the central metal atom has on determining the photochemical mechanism, the effect that electron withdrawing di-cyano groups have on preventing photobleaching, the improvement in activity found when micellar nanocarriers are employed, and the relative superiority of mono-substitution over symmetrical di- substitution. Finally, the necessity for long-wavelength (730 nm) activation is underlined by looking at PDT of pigmented melanoma in vitro and in a mouse model of melanoma.
Keywords: Anti-cancer drugs, near-infrared light, photodynamic therapy, reactive oxygen species, stable synthetic bacteriochlorins, structure- function relationship.
Current Organic Chemistry
Title:Stable Synthetic Bacteriochlorins: Potent Light-Activated Anti-Cancer Drugs
Volume: 19 Issue: 10
Author(s): Ying-Ying Huang, Dianzhong Luo and Michael R. Hamblin
Affiliation:
Keywords: Anti-cancer drugs, near-infrared light, photodynamic therapy, reactive oxygen species, stable synthetic bacteriochlorins, structure- function relationship.
Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) to absorb light of visible or near-infrared wavelengths at non-thermal power densities that (in the presence of oxygen) combine together to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main ROS formed are singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals that can both have cytotoxic effects. PDT has two separate mechanisms of specificity due to specific accumulation in the tumor coupled with spatially confined illumination. The first-generation PS were porphyrins, but due to the need for long-wavelength activation to improve tissue penetration, second- generation chlorins (far red) and bacteriochlorins (BC) (near infrared [NIR]) have been investigated. This review covers quantitative structure-function relationship with charge and lipophilicity, the effect the central metal atom has on determining the photochemical mechanism, the effect that electron withdrawing di-cyano groups have on preventing photobleaching, the improvement in activity found when micellar nanocarriers are employed, and the relative superiority of mono-substitution over symmetrical di- substitution. Finally, the necessity for long-wavelength (730 nm) activation is underlined by looking at PDT of pigmented melanoma in vitro and in a mouse model of melanoma.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Huang Ying-Ying, Luo Dianzhong and R. Hamblin Michael, Stable Synthetic Bacteriochlorins: Potent Light-Activated Anti-Cancer Drugs, Current Organic Chemistry 2015; 19 (10) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272819666150303233445
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272819666150303233445 |
Print ISSN 1385-2728 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5348 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances of Heterocyclic Chemistry with Pesticide Activity
Global food safety and security will continue to be a global concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Plant diseases have had a significant impact on food safety and security throughout the entire food chain, from primary production to consumption. While conventional chemical pesticides have been traditionally used for ...read more
Calculation design of covalent/metal organic framework based catalysts
This research area combines theoretical computation and screening with machine learning for the design of covalent/metal organic framework-based catalysts, bridging the disciplines of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, computational chemistry, materials science, and machine learning. It covers several critical aspects: designing and synthesizing organic catalysts for improved performance, applying computational methods ...read more
Carbohydrates conversion in biofuels and bioproducts
Biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis, and saccharification of carbohydrates, and sugars bioconversion in biofuels and bioproducts within a biorefinery framework. Carbohydrates derived from woody biomass, agricultural wastes, algae, sewage sludge, or any other lignocellulosic feedstock are included in this issue. Simulation, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle analysis of a biorefinery process are ...read more
Catalytic C-H bond activation as a tool for functionalization of heterocycles
The major topic is the functionalization of heterocycles through catalyzed C-H bond activation. The strategies based on C-H activation not only provide straightforward formation of C-C or C-X bonds but, more importantly, allow for the avoidance of pre-functionalization of one or two of the cross-coupling partners. The beneficial impact of ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Prostaglandin J2 Family and the Cardiovascular System
Current Vascular Pharmacology Genistein: A Boon for Mitigating Ischemic Stroke
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Possibility of Enhanced Risk of Retinal Angiogenesis in Athletes with Pre- Existing Retinal Situation Abusing Erythropoietin Doping: A Hypothesis
Current Drug Safety Influence of Oxidative Stress on Catalytic and Non-glycolytic Functions of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Potentials of Tea Polyphenols
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Small Molecules with EGFR-TK Inhibitor Activity
Current Drug Targets Chemosensitization by Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting MDM2
Current Cancer Drug Targets Anti-Cancer Drugs Targeting Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS)
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Extracellular Targeting of Synthetic Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Formulations
Current Gene Therapy Astrocytes and Inflammasome: A Possible Crosstalk in Neurological Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Evolving Strategies in Manipulating VEGF/VEGFR Signaling for the Promotion of Angiogenesis in Ischemic Muscle
Current Pharmaceutical Design Antagonists of IAP Proteins: Novel Anti-Tumor Agents
Current Medicinal Chemistry Ligand-Based Peptide Design and Combinatorial Peptide Libraries to Target G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Interactions of Anticancer Agents with Tea Catechins: Current Evidence from Preclinical Studies
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Dendrimers in Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnosis
Current Drug Metabolism The Role of Angiogenesis Inhibitors in the Management of Melanoma
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry EphA2-Dependent Molecular Targeting Therapy for Malignant Tumors
Current Cancer Drug Targets Organocatalysis in the Synthesis of Natural Products: Recent Developments in Aldol and Mannich Reactions, and 1,4-Conjugated Additions
Current Organocatalysis Progress Towards the Development of Anti-Inflammatory Inhibitors of IKKβ
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Hypoxia and the Malignant Glioma Microenvironment: Regulation and Implications for Therapy
Current Molecular Pharmacology