Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors that recognize molecular motifs of pathogen origin and activate immune response. Although TLRs were first identified in immune system cells, recent studies show they can also be expressed in tumor cells. TLR3 recognizes dsRNA or its synthetic ligand poly (I: C) and is responsible primarily for the defense against viral infections. Recent studies showed that TLR3 can trigger apoptosis in cancer cell. Furthermore, other dsRNA binding receptors (MDA5 and RIG-I), localized in cytoplasm, can also bind poly (I: C) and therefore contribute to this effect. With TLR3’s capacity to induce apoptosis and activate the immune system at the same time, TLR3 ligands are an attractive therapeutic option for treatment of cancer. Novel therapies include combining poly (I: C) with other components such as chemotherapeutics, apoptosis enhancers, other TLR ligands and peptides activating the immune system. Slightly modified TLR3 agonists (Ampligen®, Hiltonol®, poly IC-LC) are already being used in clinical studies for cancer therapy as single agents or in combination with other drugs. On the other hand, latest studies forewarn that TLR3 activation can also have tumor promoting role so it is crucial to identify the terms by which TLR3 has pro-tumor/anti-tumor effect in order to safely implement TLR3 ligand based therapy into clinical trials.
Keywords: Toll-like receptor 3, Signaling, Cancer, Therapy, Poly (I: C).
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Exploitation of Toll-like Receptor 3 Signaling in Cancer Therapy
Volume: 20 Issue: 42
Author(s): Tanja Matijevic Glavan and Jasminka Pavelic
Affiliation:
Keywords: Toll-like receptor 3, Signaling, Cancer, Therapy, Poly (I: C).
Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors that recognize molecular motifs of pathogen origin and activate immune response. Although TLRs were first identified in immune system cells, recent studies show they can also be expressed in tumor cells. TLR3 recognizes dsRNA or its synthetic ligand poly (I: C) and is responsible primarily for the defense against viral infections. Recent studies showed that TLR3 can trigger apoptosis in cancer cell. Furthermore, other dsRNA binding receptors (MDA5 and RIG-I), localized in cytoplasm, can also bind poly (I: C) and therefore contribute to this effect. With TLR3’s capacity to induce apoptosis and activate the immune system at the same time, TLR3 ligands are an attractive therapeutic option for treatment of cancer. Novel therapies include combining poly (I: C) with other components such as chemotherapeutics, apoptosis enhancers, other TLR ligands and peptides activating the immune system. Slightly modified TLR3 agonists (Ampligen®, Hiltonol®, poly IC-LC) are already being used in clinical studies for cancer therapy as single agents or in combination with other drugs. On the other hand, latest studies forewarn that TLR3 activation can also have tumor promoting role so it is crucial to identify the terms by which TLR3 has pro-tumor/anti-tumor effect in order to safely implement TLR3 ligand based therapy into clinical trials.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Glavan Matijevic Tanja and Pavelic Jasminka, The Exploitation of Toll-like Receptor 3 Signaling in Cancer Therapy, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014; 20 (42) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140826153347
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140826153347 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Phytochemical Content and Potential Health Applications of Pecan [<i>Carya
illinoinensis</i> (Wangenh) K. Koch] Nutshell
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Interactions of Cisplatin with non-DNA Targets and their Influence on Anticancer Activity and Drug Toxicity: The Complex World of the Platinum Complex
Current Cancer Drug Targets Copper Complexes as Anticancer Agents
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Alternative Splice Variants of Survivin as Potential Targets in Cancer
Current Drug Discovery Technologies Transposon-Based Engineering of Clinical-Grade T Cells for Cancer Therapy
Current Drug Therapy Synthesis of (25R)-17α-Hydroxy-22-oxocholest-5-ene-3β,16β,26-triyl Triacetate: A One-Pot Approach to the Protected Aglycon Analogue of OSW-1
Letters in Organic Chemistry Microwave-Assisted Domino Cyclization Reactions
Current Microwave Chemistry Editorial [Hot Topic: Advanced Imagings of Wallerian Degeneration, Pancreatobiliary System, Uterine Cervical Cancer, Periventricular Leukomalacia, Living Cells as well as MR Contrast Agent and QC of SPECT/CT]
Current Medical Imaging Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity of the N-Mannich Base of Berberine Bearing Benzothiazole Moieties
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Replicative Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses in Combination Cancer Therapies
Current Gene Therapy Tumor Stroma Manipulation By MSC
Current Drug Targets Focus on the Role of Glutamate in the Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Human Papillomavirus DNA and E6/E7 mRNA Testing as Triage in Liquid-Based Cytology Samples from Primary Screening
Current Pharmaceutical Design An Expanding Appreciation of the Role Chemokine Receptors Play in Cancer Progression
Current Pharmaceutical Design Overview of Genomic Insights into Chicken Growth Traits Based on Genome- Wide Association Study and microRNA Regulation
Current Genomics Resveratrol as a Chemopreventive Agent: A Promising Molecule for Fighting Cancer
Current Drug Targets Assessment of MicroRNA-15a and MicroRNA-16-1 Salivary Level in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients
MicroRNA Antiviral Activity of Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Recent Patents Concerning Modulators of Protein Kinase C
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences Piperidin-4-one: The Potential Pharmacophore
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry