Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with associated serious complications continues to grow rapidly especially in developed countries. Emerging evidence indicates that AD and T2DM share some common risk factors with comparable pathological features including insulin resistance, amyloidogenesis, glucocorticoid imbalance, inflammation, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. T2DM has been identified as a risk factor for AD. It has even been hypothesized that AD might be “type 3 diabetes”. In addition to amyloid precursor protein processing and tau phosphorylation, commonalities between T2DM and AD in molecular mechanisms provide clues to the identification of novel therapeutic targets such as glucagon-like peptide 1, butyrylcholinesterase, and receptor for advanced glycosylation end products. Although several classes of anti-diabetic drugs are available, achieving long-term glycaemic control without side effects is often challenging. This review summarizes recent evidence for the pathological links, common therapeutic targets, currently the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved and potential future therapies, giving special attention to ongoing clinical trials of antidiabetic drugs in AD patients and common therapeutic strategies in the management of both AD and T2DM.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, clinical trial, dementia, diabetes, insulin, pathogenic mechanism, therapeutic targets.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:Fighting Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: Pathological links and Treatment Strategies
Volume: 13 Issue: 2
Author(s): Ying Dai and Mohammad A. Kamal
Affiliation:
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, clinical trial, dementia, diabetes, insulin, pathogenic mechanism, therapeutic targets.
Abstract: The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with associated serious complications continues to grow rapidly especially in developed countries. Emerging evidence indicates that AD and T2DM share some common risk factors with comparable pathological features including insulin resistance, amyloidogenesis, glucocorticoid imbalance, inflammation, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. T2DM has been identified as a risk factor for AD. It has even been hypothesized that AD might be “type 3 diabetes”. In addition to amyloid precursor protein processing and tau phosphorylation, commonalities between T2DM and AD in molecular mechanisms provide clues to the identification of novel therapeutic targets such as glucagon-like peptide 1, butyrylcholinesterase, and receptor for advanced glycosylation end products. Although several classes of anti-diabetic drugs are available, achieving long-term glycaemic control without side effects is often challenging. This review summarizes recent evidence for the pathological links, common therapeutic targets, currently the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved and potential future therapies, giving special attention to ongoing clinical trials of antidiabetic drugs in AD patients and common therapeutic strategies in the management of both AD and T2DM.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Dai Ying and Kamal A. Mohammad, Fighting Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: Pathological links and Treatment Strategies, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2014; 13 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18715273113126660134
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18715273113126660134 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infectious diseases
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into bacterial, tuberculous, viral, fungal, parasitic infections, etc. Early etiological treatment is often the most crucial means to reduce the mortality rate of patients with central nervous system infections, reduce complications and sequelae, and improve prognosis. The initial clinical ...read more
Trends and perspectives in the rational management of CNS disorders
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases enforce a significant global health burden, driving ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and effectiveness of therapy. This issue investigates current advances in the discipline, focusing on the understanding as well as therapeutic handling of various CNS diseases. The issue covers a variety of diseases, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Exosome Limitations in the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Drug-Delivery Systems of Green Tea Catechins for Improved Stability and Bioavailability
Current Medicinal Chemistry Cardiovascular Effects of Current and Future Anti-Obesity Drugs
Current Vascular Pharmacology Gene Therapy of Chronic Pain
Current Gene Therapy Anti-Tumor Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Vitamin D Analogs
Current Pharmaceutical Design Caveolae and Caveolin-1: Novel Potential Targets for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neurophysiological Mechanisms Related to Pain Management in Bone Tumors
Current Neuropharmacology Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Interacting Proteins (mAChRIPs): Targeting the Receptorsome
Current Drug Targets Molecular Pathophysiology of Cavernous Nerve Injury and Identification of Strategies for Nerve Function Recovery After Radical Prostatectomy
Current Drug Targets Targeting mTOR: Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol for Cancer Treatment
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Defensin Participation in Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Current Pharmaceutical Design Targeting Tumor Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway with Polyphenols for Chemosensitization
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The First Total Synthesis of Tarennane, a Potent Antioxidant Chalcone Constituent from Tarenna Attenuate or Magnolia Officinalis
Letters in Organic Chemistry Pharmacological Approaches to Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Carbon Nanotubes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Melanoma
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Docetaxel (Taxotere®) with Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Solid Malignancies
Current Drug Targets A Review of Himalayan Medicinal Plants against Cancer
Current Traditional Medicine Patents on Non-Viral Mediated Gene Delivery
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors as Brain Targets for Pharmacotherapy of Drug Addiction
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Therapeutic Proteins in Tumors and Targeted Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Patients
Protein & Peptide Letters