Abstract
Probenecid (PROB) has been widely used for long time for different clinical purposes, from gout treatment to designs as a coadjutant for antibiotic agents. Among its many properties, the ability of PROB to preserve high concentrations of several metabolites and other agents in the CNS, together with its relative lack of side-effects, have made this drug a valuable pharmacological tool for clinical and basic research. Nowadays, biomedical research offers evidence about new targets for PROB that may help to explain its many beneficial actions. In this regard, despite most of its protective actions in the brain have been largely related to its capacity to accumulate the inhibitory metabolite kynurenic acid to further inhibit the glutamate-related excitotoxicity in different animal models of neurological disorders, in this review we describe the basic aspects of PROB’s pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action and discuss other alternative targets recently described for this drug that may complement its pattern of activity in the CNS, including its role as anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agent when targeting different key proteins.
Keywords: Probenecid, clinical perspectives, pharmacokinetics, neuroprotective mechanisms, neurotransmitter modulation, neurological disorders.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:Probenecid: An Emerging Tool for Neuroprotection
Volume: 12 Issue: 7
Author(s): Ana Laura Colín-González and Abel Santamaría
Affiliation:
Keywords: Probenecid, clinical perspectives, pharmacokinetics, neuroprotective mechanisms, neurotransmitter modulation, neurological disorders.
Abstract: Probenecid (PROB) has been widely used for long time for different clinical purposes, from gout treatment to designs as a coadjutant for antibiotic agents. Among its many properties, the ability of PROB to preserve high concentrations of several metabolites and other agents in the CNS, together with its relative lack of side-effects, have made this drug a valuable pharmacological tool for clinical and basic research. Nowadays, biomedical research offers evidence about new targets for PROB that may help to explain its many beneficial actions. In this regard, despite most of its protective actions in the brain have been largely related to its capacity to accumulate the inhibitory metabolite kynurenic acid to further inhibit the glutamate-related excitotoxicity in different animal models of neurological disorders, in this review we describe the basic aspects of PROB’s pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action and discuss other alternative targets recently described for this drug that may complement its pattern of activity in the CNS, including its role as anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agent when targeting different key proteins.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Colín-González Laura Ana and Santamaría Abel, Probenecid: An Emerging Tool for Neuroprotection, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2013; 12 (7) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18715273113129990090
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18715273113129990090 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infectious diseases
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into bacterial, tuberculous, viral, fungal, parasitic infections, etc. Early etiological treatment is often the most crucial means to reduce the mortality rate of patients with central nervous system infections, reduce complications and sequelae, and improve prognosis. The initial clinical ...read more
Techniques of Drug Repurposing: Delivering a new life to Herbs & Drugs
Of late, with the adaptation of innovative approaches and integration of advancements made towards medical sciences as well as the availability of a wide range of tools; several therapeutic challenges are being translated into viable clinical solutions, with a high degree of efficacy, safety, and selectivity. With a better understanding ...read more
Trends and perspectives in the rational management of CNS disorders
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases enforce a significant global health burden, driving ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and effectiveness of therapy. This issue investigates current advances in the discipline, focusing on the understanding as well as therapeutic handling of various CNS diseases. The issue covers a variety of diseases, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
TakoTsubo Cardiomyopathy A Short Review
Current Cardiology Reviews Biological Consequences of Dysfunctional HDL
Current Medicinal Chemistry Inflammatory and Vascular Alterations in Sepsis: The Role of Nitric Oxide- Dependent Mechanisms
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Retracted: Tocotrienols and its Role in Cardiovascular Health- a Lead for Drug Design
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Circadian PER2 Enhancer Nobiletin Reverses the Deleterious Effects of Midazolam in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of miRNAs in Muscle Stem Cell Biology: Proliferation, Differentiation and Death
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Stem Cells
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Why is the Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System Effective for Preventing Cardiac Events in Patients with Coronary Risk Factors or Coronary Artery Disease?
Current Cardiology Reviews Repetitive Transient Phosphodiesterase-3 Inhibition Eliminates Non-ischemic Cardiac Remodeling and Failure
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Clinical Use of Clopidogrel
Current Pharmaceutical Design Busulfan Use in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Pharmacology, Dose Adjustment, Safety and Efficacy in Adults and Children
Current Drug Safety Pharmacological Perspectives of Ayurvedic Herbs <i>viz. Alstonia scholaris</i> L., <i>Picrorhiza kurroa, Swertia chirata</i> and <i>Caesalpinia crista</i> Against COVID- 19: A Mini-Review
Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry The Role of Prostaglandins in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Galectin-1 is a Novel Factor that Regulates Myotube Growth in Regenerating Skeletal Muscles
Current Drug Targets Systemic Sclerosis at the Cellular Level: Molecular Pathways of Pathogenesis and its Implication on Future Drug Design
Current Medicinal Chemistry Innovation in Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Current Medical Imaging Molecular and Biochemical Changes of the Cardiovascular System due to Smoking Exposure
Current Pharmaceutical Design Antiarrhythmic Potential of Drugs Targeting the Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Ca<sup>2+</sup> Release Channel: Case Study of Dantrolene
Current Pharmaceutical Design Evaluating Oxidative Stress in Human Cardiovascular Disease: Methodological Aspects and Considerations
Current Medicinal Chemistry Role of AMPK in Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications: An Overview
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets