Statin Use in Aortic Aneurismal Disease to Prevent Progression and Cardiovascular Events: Review of Experimental and Clinical Data

Melina Vega de      Ceniga; Luis M.      Blanco-Colio; Jose      Tunon; Jesus      Egido; Jose L.      Martin-Ventura

Abstract

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a significant health problem in the elderly. Efforts to limit the mortality rate depend on early detection and elective AAA repair. The benefit of early detection of AAAs, by ultrasound screening is limited since early repair of small AAA has been shown to provide no clinical advantage. There is currently no established pharmacotherapeutic treatment for small AAAs.

In the first part of this review, we describe the potential mechanisms whereby statins can modulate the pathological processes associated to experimental and human AAA. Among them, statins are able to regulate leukocyte recruitment and immuno-inflammatory responses, platelet activation, oxidative stress, proteolysis and extracellular matrix breakdown. However, controversial results have been obtained in experimental models of AAA.

In the second part of this review, we analyze the effect of statins in both, cardiovascular events on AAA patients and AAA growth. Although statin treatment is recommended for all AAA patients with the aim of reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events and death, controversial results have been shown between experimental and clinical studies regarding the potential preventive effect on AAA growth. One potential reason for these discrepancies could be related to the fact that statins reduce total cholesterol concentrations but do not modify HDL concentrations, the most sensitive predictor of AAA among lipid markers. In this respect, it could be of interest to test the effect of drugs modulating plasma HDL concentrations on AAA evolution.

Keywords: Statins, abdominal aortic aneurysm, pathophysiology, immune inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, thrombus, proteolysis, cardiovascular events, aneurysmal growth.