Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to repair, restore, and regenerate lost or damaged tissues by using biomaterials, cells, mechanical forces and factors (chemical and biological) alone or in combination. Growth factors are routinely used in the tissue engineering approach to expedite the process of regeneration. The growth factor approach has been hampered by several complications including high dose requirements, lower half-life, protein instability, higher costs and undesired side effects. Recently a variety of alternative small molecules of both natural and synthetic origin have been explored as alternatives to growth factors for tissue regeneration applications. Small molecules are simple biochemical components that elicit certain cellular responses through signaling cascades. Small molecules present a viable alternative to biological factors. Small molecule strategies can reduce various side effects, maintain bioactivity in a biological environment and minimize cost issues associated with complex biological growth factors. This manuscript focuses on three-osteoinductive small molecules, namely melatonin, resveratrol (from natural sources) and purmorphamine (synthetically designed) as inducers of bone formation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Efforts have been made to summarize possible biological pathways involved in the action of each of these drugs. Melatonin is known to affect Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase, Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and canonical wnt signaling. Resveratrol is known to activate cascades involving Wnt and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirt1). Purmorphamine is a Hedgehog (Hh) pathway agonist as it acts on Smoothened (Smo) receptors. These mechanisms and the way they are affected by the respective small molecules will also be discussed in the manuscript.
Keywords: Small molecules, growth factors, bone tissue engineering, osteogenic, signaling pathways, stem cells, bone regeneration
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Osteoinductive Small Molecules: Growth Factor Alternatives for Bone Tissue Engineering
Volume: 19 Issue: 19
Author(s): Aja Aravamudhan, Daisy M. Ramos, Jonathan Nip, Aditi Subramanian, Roshan James, Matthew D. Harmon, Xiaojun Yu and Sangamesh G. Kumbar
Affiliation:
Keywords: Small molecules, growth factors, bone tissue engineering, osteogenic, signaling pathways, stem cells, bone regeneration
Abstract: Tissue engineering aims to repair, restore, and regenerate lost or damaged tissues by using biomaterials, cells, mechanical forces and factors (chemical and biological) alone or in combination. Growth factors are routinely used in the tissue engineering approach to expedite the process of regeneration. The growth factor approach has been hampered by several complications including high dose requirements, lower half-life, protein instability, higher costs and undesired side effects. Recently a variety of alternative small molecules of both natural and synthetic origin have been explored as alternatives to growth factors for tissue regeneration applications. Small molecules are simple biochemical components that elicit certain cellular responses through signaling cascades. Small molecules present a viable alternative to biological factors. Small molecule strategies can reduce various side effects, maintain bioactivity in a biological environment and minimize cost issues associated with complex biological growth factors. This manuscript focuses on three-osteoinductive small molecules, namely melatonin, resveratrol (from natural sources) and purmorphamine (synthetically designed) as inducers of bone formation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Efforts have been made to summarize possible biological pathways involved in the action of each of these drugs. Melatonin is known to affect Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase, Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and canonical wnt signaling. Resveratrol is known to activate cascades involving Wnt and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirt1). Purmorphamine is a Hedgehog (Hh) pathway agonist as it acts on Smoothened (Smo) receptors. These mechanisms and the way they are affected by the respective small molecules will also be discussed in the manuscript.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Aravamudhan Aja, M. Ramos Daisy, Nip Jonathan, Subramanian Aditi, James Roshan, D. Harmon Matthew, Yu Xiaojun and G. Kumbar Sangamesh, Osteoinductive Small Molecules: Growth Factor Alternatives for Bone Tissue Engineering, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2013; 19 (19) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319190008
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319190008 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Neuropharmacology of the Endocannabinoid Signaling System-Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Actions and Synaptic Plasticity
Current Neuropharmacology Advances in Nano Drugs for Cancer Chemotherapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets TGF Beta Inhibition for Cancer Therapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Antagonist and Antiangiogenic Activity of Long-Pentraxin 3-Derived Synthetic Peptides
Current Pharmaceutical Design Environmentally Sensitive Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Contrast Agents for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry From Na+/K+-ATPase and Cardiac Glycosides to Cytotoxicity and Cancer Treatment
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Abnormal Choline Phospholipid Metabolism in Breast and Ovary Cancer:Molecular Bases for Noninvasive Imaging Approaches
Current Medical Imaging Modulation of Tumour-Related Signaling Pathways by Natural Pentacyclic Triterpenoids and their Semisynthetic Derivatives
Current Medicinal Chemistry Recombinant Immunotoxins for the Treatment of Chemoresistant Hematologic Malignancies
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Caspase Expression in Molt-4 Leukemia Cells <i>Via</i> GSK-3α/Β and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways as a Therapeutic Strategy
Current Gene Therapy MicroRNAs as Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers of Cardiac Disease
Recent Patents on Biomarkers Exosomes and Lung Cancer: Roles in Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Applications
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Bacterial lux Reporter System: Applications in Bacterial Localisation Studies
Current Gene Therapy Brain Insulin Resistance and Deficiency as Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimers Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Serotonergic and Cholinergic Strategies as Potential Targets for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Current Pharmaceutical Design Animal Modeling of Cancer Pathology and Studying Tumor Response to Therapy
Current Drug Targets Quantification of Rat Brain Amino Acids: Analysis of the Data Consistency
Current Analytical Chemistry FDG-PET/CT and SPECT/CT in Oncology
Current Medical Imaging Mechanisms of ERK1/2 Regulation by Seven-Transmembrane-Domain Receptors
Current Pharmaceutical Design Tubulin Inhibitors: A Patent Survey
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery