Abstract
Cystatin C (cys-C) is a small protein molecule (120 amino acid peptide chain, approximately 13kDa) produced by virtually all nucleated cells in the human body. It belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine proteases and its main biological role is the extracellular inhibition of cathepsins. It’s near constant production rate, the fact that it is freely filtered from the glomerular membrane and then completely reabsorbed without being secreted from the proximal tubular cells, made it an almost perfect candidate for estimating renal function. The strong correlation between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) along with the growing understanding of the role of cysteinyl cathepsins in the pathophysiology of CVD inspired researchers to explore the potential association of cys-C with CVD. Throughout the spectrum of CVD (peripheral arterial disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, heart failure, coronary artery disease) adverse outcomes and risk stratification have been associated with high plasma levels of cys-C. The exact mechanisms behind the observed correlations have not been comprehensively clarified. Plausible links between high cys-C levels and poor cardiovascular outcome could be impaired renal function, atherogenesis and inflammatory mediators, remodeling of myocardial tissue and others (genetic factors, aging and social habits). The scope of the present article is to systematically review the current knowledge about cys-C biochemistry, metabolism, methods of detection and quantification and pathophysiological associations with different aspects of CVD.
Keywords: Biomarker, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, cystatin-C, cysteinyl cathepsins, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Cystatin C: An Emerging Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease
Volume: 13 Issue: 2
Author(s): Christos Angelidis, Spyridon Deftereos, Georgios Giannopoulos, Nikolaos Anatoliotakis, Georgios Bouras, Georgios Hatzis, Vasiliki Panagopoulou, Vlasios Pyrgakis and Michael W. Cleman
Affiliation:
Keywords: Biomarker, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, cystatin-C, cysteinyl cathepsins, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease
Abstract: Cystatin C (cys-C) is a small protein molecule (120 amino acid peptide chain, approximately 13kDa) produced by virtually all nucleated cells in the human body. It belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine proteases and its main biological role is the extracellular inhibition of cathepsins. It’s near constant production rate, the fact that it is freely filtered from the glomerular membrane and then completely reabsorbed without being secreted from the proximal tubular cells, made it an almost perfect candidate for estimating renal function. The strong correlation between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) along with the growing understanding of the role of cysteinyl cathepsins in the pathophysiology of CVD inspired researchers to explore the potential association of cys-C with CVD. Throughout the spectrum of CVD (peripheral arterial disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, heart failure, coronary artery disease) adverse outcomes and risk stratification have been associated with high plasma levels of cys-C. The exact mechanisms behind the observed correlations have not been comprehensively clarified. Plausible links between high cys-C levels and poor cardiovascular outcome could be impaired renal function, atherogenesis and inflammatory mediators, remodeling of myocardial tissue and others (genetic factors, aging and social habits). The scope of the present article is to systematically review the current knowledge about cys-C biochemistry, metabolism, methods of detection and quantification and pathophysiological associations with different aspects of CVD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Angelidis Christos, Deftereos Spyridon, Giannopoulos Georgios, Anatoliotakis Nikolaos, Bouras Georgios, Hatzis Georgios, Panagopoulou Vasiliki, Pyrgakis Vlasios and W. Cleman Michael, Cystatin C: An Emerging Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2013; 13 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611313020006
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026611313020006 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Etiopathogenesis, Classical Immunotherapy and Innovative Nanotherapeutics for Inflammatory Neurological Disorders
Current Nanoscience AMI and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: Case Report with Systematic Review
Current Cardiology Reviews Cardiac Applications for Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Current Pharmaceutical Design Editorial [Hot Topic: Vascular Complications of Diabetes (Executive Editor: Olga I. Stenina)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design Co-formulation of P-glycoprotein Substrate and Inhibitor in Nanocarriers: An Emerging Strategy for Cancer Chemotherapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets A PHACES Syndrome Unmasked by Propranolol Interruption in a Tetralogy of Fallot Patient: Case Report and Extensive Review on New Indications of Beta Blockers
Current Medicinal Chemistry Experimental Antiarrhythmic Targets: CaMKII Inhibition – Ready for Clinical Evaluation?
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Impact of Small Heat Shock Proteins (HspBs) in Alzheimer’s and Other Neurological Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Separating Fact from Fiction: Assessing the Potential of Modified Adenovirus Vectors for Use in Human Gene Therapy
Current Gene Therapy Chronic Heart Failure- Potential for Pharmacological Intervention
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents Molecular Modeling Investigation of Some New 2-mercaptoimidazoles
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Transient Left Ventricular Acute Failure after Cocaine Use
Current Drug Research Reviews Modulation of Cardiac and Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Enzymes During Heart Failure
Current Drug Metabolism Approaches for Administering Chemotherapy in the Intensive Care Unit
Current Drug Safety Can Wogonin be Used in Controlling Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Myocardial Quantitative Analysis in Physiological and Pathological Ventricular Hypertrophy: The Increasing Role of Doppler Myocardial Imaging
Current Cardiology Reviews Intensive Glucose Control in Diabetics with an Acute Myocardial Infarction Does not Improve Mortality and Increases Risk of Hypoglycemia-A Meta-Regression Analysis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Emerging Indications for Statins: A Pluripotent Family of Agents with Several Potential Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Good Candidate for Restenosis Therapy?
Current Vascular Pharmacology N6-methyladenine RNA Modification (m<sup>6</sup>A): An Emerging Regulator of Metabolic Diseases
Current Drug Targets