Novel Risk Factors Related to Stable Angina

Gerasimos      Siasos; Dimitris      Tousoulis; Dimitrios      Athanasiou; Evangelos      Oikonomou; Panagiotis      Tourikis; Nikolaos      Gouliopoulos; Maria      Limperi; Anna-Maria      Kampoli; Kostas      Toutouzas; Athanasios      G. Papavassiliou; Christodoulos      Stefanadis

Abstract

Stable angina (SA) pectoris is a common and disabling disorder in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), with increasing epidemiology and is associated with myocardial infarction and increased mortality. However, within the population of SA patients, an individual’s prognosis can vary considerably. Except from conventional risk factors a variety of biomarkers have been evaluated for their prognostic significance in the settings of SA. Novel biomarkers associated with inflammatory status, such as C reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha, with myocardial performance, such as B-type natriuretic peptide, with extracellular matrix remodeling, with vascular calcification such as osteoprotogerin and osteopontin, with myocardial ischemia, such as ischemia modified albumin have been associated with the progression of CAD and with the prognosis of SA patients. Despite the multiplicity of novel biomarkers there is lack of a clinical useful, highly specific for CAD biomarker with the ability to guide treatment decisions. In the context of this evidence in this review article we summarize the so far acquired knowledge of the most promising biomarkers and we discuss the major clinical correlations of novel risk factors with SA physical history, their predictive value for future cardiovascular events and their use in the treatment monitoring of this population.

Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, biomarkers, coronary artery disease, inflammation, prognosis, risk factor, stable angina, myocardial infarction, predictive value