Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the most recognized risk factor for many inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and for a number of malignances such as lung cancer. Lung cancer is currently considered the leading cause of cancer-related deaths because its aggressive nature and the lack of effective therapeutic options. Recent advances in molecular biology and immunology have improved the knowledge on different mechanisms implicated in lung cell malignant transformation, progression and metastasis, thus presenting an exciting new era for lung anticancer therapies. The way by which cigarette smoke may induce lung malignancy includes a large number of different mechanisms and substances, most of them currently unknown. Thus, identified carcinogenic compounds of cigarette smoke may induce themselves a direct cytotoxicity and mutagenic action on lung epithelial cells by means of generation of somatic mutations, epigenetic events, epithelial cell to mesenchymal cell transformations, as well as by chronic cell damage. However, the fact that there is a relative high prevalence of ex-smoker who may develop lung cancer after years of smoking cessation suggest that other causes are also implicated. Thus cigarette smoke-induced chronic lung inflammatory microenvironment, oxidative stress and cell structural alterations such as the increase of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis arrest are irreversible processes that have a high influence in lung tumor growth. In this review we focused in current knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in cigarette smoke-induced lung chronic inflammatory processes leading to lung carcinogenesis, as well as in current therapies based on novel molecular advances.
Keywords: Cigarette smoke, inflammation, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignant transformation, progression, metastasis, cytotoxicity, mutations.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Tobacco, Inflammation, and Respiratory Tract Cancer
Volume: 18 Issue: 26
Author(s): Javier Milara and Julio Cortijo
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cigarette smoke, inflammation, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignant transformation, progression, metastasis, cytotoxicity, mutations.
Abstract: Cigarette smoking is the most recognized risk factor for many inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and for a number of malignances such as lung cancer. Lung cancer is currently considered the leading cause of cancer-related deaths because its aggressive nature and the lack of effective therapeutic options. Recent advances in molecular biology and immunology have improved the knowledge on different mechanisms implicated in lung cell malignant transformation, progression and metastasis, thus presenting an exciting new era for lung anticancer therapies. The way by which cigarette smoke may induce lung malignancy includes a large number of different mechanisms and substances, most of them currently unknown. Thus, identified carcinogenic compounds of cigarette smoke may induce themselves a direct cytotoxicity and mutagenic action on lung epithelial cells by means of generation of somatic mutations, epigenetic events, epithelial cell to mesenchymal cell transformations, as well as by chronic cell damage. However, the fact that there is a relative high prevalence of ex-smoker who may develop lung cancer after years of smoking cessation suggest that other causes are also implicated. Thus cigarette smoke-induced chronic lung inflammatory microenvironment, oxidative stress and cell structural alterations such as the increase of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis arrest are irreversible processes that have a high influence in lung tumor growth. In this review we focused in current knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in cigarette smoke-induced lung chronic inflammatory processes leading to lung carcinogenesis, as well as in current therapies based on novel molecular advances.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Milara Javier and Cortijo Julio, Tobacco, Inflammation, and Respiratory Tract Cancer, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18 (26) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802083743
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802083743 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Structures, Synthesis and their Biological Profile
Current Organic Synthesis Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for DNA/RNA and their Potential Applications in Nanomedicine
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Calpains: Attractive Targets for the Development of Synthetic Inhibitors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry microRNAs in Cancer: Lessons from Melanoma
Current Pharmaceutical Design Lung Cancer Mutations and Use of Targeted Agents in Hispanics
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials ANN-QSAR Model for Virtual Screening of Androstenedione C-Skeleton Containing Phytomolecules and Analogues for Cytotoxic Activity Against Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening The Multiple Roles of The Transcription Factors MAZ and Pur-1, Two Proteins encoded by Housekeeping Genes
Current Genomics Senescence and Cell Death Pathways and Their Role in Cancer Therapeutic Outcome
Current Medicinal Chemistry Recognizing Severe Adverse Drug Reactions: Two Case Reports After Switching Therapies to the Same Generic Company
Current Drug Safety Signal Transduction of Radiation and/or Hyperthermic Cancer Therapies
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Dual Nuclear/Fluorescence Imaging Potantial of Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine in MIA PaCa-2 Cell Line
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives in Clinical and Molecular Selection of Patients
Current Cancer Drug Targets Recent Advances in Liposomal Drug Delivery: A Review
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology MicroRNAs as Tools and Effectors for Patient Treatment in Gastrointestinal Carcinogenesis
Current Drug Targets Design, Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Evaluation of Sulfoximine-triazole Hybrids as Potential Antimalarial Prototypes
Medicinal Chemistry Stem Cell Defects in Philadelphia Chromosome Negative Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders: A Phenotypic and Molecular Puzzle?
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Cancer Stem Cells: A New Paradigm for Understanding Tumor Growth and Progression and Drug Resistance
Current Medicinal Chemistry Proresolution Mediators and Receptors: Novel Drug Targets for Enhancing Pharmacological Armamentarium against Periodontal Inflammation
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Molecular Targets of Gemcitabine Action: Rationale for Development of Novel Drugs and Drug Combinations
Current Pharmaceutical Design Targeted Multimodal Liposomes for Nano-delivery and Imaging: An Avenger for Drug Resistance and Cancer
Current Gene Therapy