Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common and most diagnosed types of cancer. It is a major cause of increased rate of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Currently, the focus has been shifted towards natural remedies for the treatment of colon cancer. These new methods of treatment include prebiotics and probiotics, as they offer great potential for alleviating symptoms of cancer. These are more promising and have lesser side effects than existing medications. Probiotics are living organisms which confer health benefits when ingested into adequate amounts. Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients which promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, which produce metabolites for stimulation of apoptosis of colonic cancer cell lines. Apart from it, prebiotics are helpful to modify the activity of enzymes to be produced by beneficial bacteria as well as for inhibition of several bacteria able to produce carcinogenic enzymes. This review has been collated to present tremendous benefits and future potential of pro- and prebiotics in the treatment of colon cancer and to overview the mechanisms of probiotic actions along with their impact on humans.
Keywords: Commensal bacteria, microbiota, probiotics, prebiotics, colon cancer, metastatic disease.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Goldberg RM. Advances in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist 2005; 10(3): 40-8.
[2]
Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brooks D, Saslow D, Brawley OW. Cancer screening in the United States, 2010: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60: 99-119.
[3]
Burt RW, Barthel JS, Dunn KB, et al. Colorectal cancer screening. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010; 8(1): 8-61.
[5]
Rafter J. The effects of probiotics on colon cancer development. Nutr Res Rev 2004; 17(2): 277-84.
[6]
FAO/WHO. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Available from:. www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/en/pro-biotic_guidelines.pdf [Accessed On: 3rd March 2015].
[7]
Arora M, Sharma S, Baldi A. Comparative insight of regulatory guidelines for probiotics in USA, India and Malaysia: A critical review. Int J Biotechnol Wellness Ind 2013; 2(2): 51-64.
[8]
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995; 125: 1401-12.
[9]
Rowland IR, Rumney CJ, Coutts JT, Lievense LC. Effect of Bifidobacterium longum and inulin on gut bacterial metabolism and carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in rats. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19(2): 281-5.
[10]
Liong MT, Shah NP. Effects of a Lactobacillus casei synbiotic on serum lipoprotein, intestinal microflora, and organic acids in rats. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89(5): 1390-9.
[11]
Merenstein D, Murphy M, Fokar A, et al. Use of a fermented dairy probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei (dn-114 001) to decrease the rate of illness in kids: The drink study a patient-oriented, double-blind, cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64(7): 669-77.
[13]
Meurman J, Stamatova I. Probiotics: Contributions to oral health. Oral Dis 2007; 13(5): 443-51.
[14]
Goldin BR, Swenson L, Dwyer J, Sexton M, and Gorbach SL. Effect of diet and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980; 64(2): 255-61.
[15]
Burns AJ, Rowland IR. Anti-carcinogenicity of probiotics and prebiotics. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 2000; 1(1): 13-24.
[16]
Chau I, Cunningham D. Adjuvant therapy in colon cancer-what, when and how? Ann Oncol 2006; 17(9): 1347-59.
[17]
Orrhage KM, Annas A, Nord CE, Brittebo EB, Rafter JJ. Effects of lactic acid bacteria on the uptake and distribution of the food mutagen Trp-P-2 in mice. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37(2): 215-21.
[18]
Hayatsu H, Hayatsu T. Suppressing effect of Lactobacillus casei administration on the urinary mutagenicity arising from ingestion of fried ground beef in the human. Cancer Lett 1993; 73: 173-9.
[19]
Pool-Zobel BL. Inulin-type fructans and reduction in colon cancer risk: Review of experimental and human data. Br J Nutr 2005; 93(S1): S73-90.
[20]
Sengupta S, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Does butyrate protect from colorectal cancer? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21(1): 209-18.
[21]
Wong CS, Sengupta S, Tjandra JJ. The influence of specific luminal factors on the colonic epithelium: High-dose butyrate and physical changes suppress early carcinogenic events in rats. Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 48(3): 549-59.
[22]
Tephly TR, Burchell B. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: A family of detoxifying enzymes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990; 11(7): 276-9.
[23]
Hill MJ. The role of colon anaerobes in the metabolism of bile acids and steroids, and its relation to colon cancer. Cancer 1975; 36(S6): 2387-400.
[24]
Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The relationship between diet and rat fecal bacterial enzymes implicated in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976; 57(2): 371-5.
[25]
Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The effect of milk and lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39(5): 756-61.
[26]
Liong MT, Shah NP. Sorbitol, maltodextrin, inulin and Bifidobacterium infantis modify serum lipid profiles, intestinal microbial population and organic acids concentration in rats. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics 2006; 1(2): 121-30.
[27]
Deshpande G, Rao S, Patole S, Bulsara M. Updated meta-analysis of probiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Pediatrics 2010; 125(5): 921-30.
[28]
Wadher KJ, Mahore JG, Umekar MJ. Probiotics: Living medicines in health maintenance and disease prevention. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2010; 1(3): 1-9.
[29]
Biasco G, Paganelli G, Brandi G, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on rectal cell kinetics and fecal pH. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 23: 142.
[30]
De Moreno de LeBlanc A, Perdigón G. Reduction of beta-glucuronidase and nitroreductase activity by yoghurt in a murine colon cancer model. Biocell 2005; 29(1): 15-24.
[31]
Goossens D, Jonkers D, Russel M, Stobberingh E, Van Den Bogaard AEJM, Stockbrügger R. The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on the bacterial composition and metabolic activity in faeces of healthy volunteers: A placebo-controlled study on the onset and duration of effects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18(5): 495-505.
[32]
Tannock GW, Munro K, Harmsen HJM, Welling GW, Smart J, Gopal PK. Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66(6): 2578-88.
[33]
Uccello M, Malaguarnera G, Basile F, et al. Potential role of probiotics on colorectal cancer prevention. BMC Surg 2012; 12(1): S35.
[34]
Larsson SC, Wolk A. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2006; 119(11): 2657-64.
[35]
Felton JS, Knize MG, Wu RW, Colvin ME, Hatch FT, Malfatti MA. Mutagenic potency of food-derived heterocyclic amines. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M 2007; 616(1): 90-4.
[36]
Turesky RJ. Formation and biochemistry of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in cooked meats. Toxicol Lett 2007; 168(3): 219-27.
[37]
Van Tassell RL, Kingston DGI, Wilkins TD. Metabolism of dietary genotoxins by the human colonic microflora: The fecapentaenes and heterocyclic amines. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M 1990; 238(3): 209-21.
[38]
Wakabayashi K, Nagao M, Esumi H, Sugimura T. Food-derived mutagens and carcinogens. Cancer Res 1992; 52(7): 2092s-8s.
[39]
Marteau P, Pochart P, Flourié B, et al. Effect of chronic ingestion of a fermented dairy product containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on metabolic activities of the colonic flora in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52(4): 685-8.
[40]
Orrhage K, Sillerström E, Gustafsson JA, Nord CE, Rafter J. Binding of mutagenic heterocyclic amines by intestinal and lactic acid bacteria. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M 1994; 311(2): 239-48.
[41]
Sreekumar O, Hosono A. Antimutagenicity and the influence of physical factors in binding Lactobacillus gasseri and Bifidobacterium longum cells to amino acid pyrolysates. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81(6): 1508-16.
[42]
Zhang XB, Ohta Y. Antimutagenicity of cell fractions of microorganisms on potent mutagenic pyrolysates. Mutat Res-Genet Tox 1993; 298(4): 247-53.
[43]
Rhee CH, Park HD. Three glycoproteins with antimutagenic activity identified in Lactobacillus plantarum KLAB21. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67(8): 3445-9.
[44]
Nowak A, Libudzisz Z. Ability of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114001 to bind or/and metabolise heterocyclic aromatic amines in vitro. Eur J Nutr 2009; 48(7): 419-27.
[45]
Santosa S, Farnworth E, Jones PJ. Probiotics and their potential health claims. Nutr Res 2006; 64(6): 265-74.
[46]
Biffi A, Coradini D, Larsen R, Riva L, Di Fronzo G. Antiproliferative effect of fermented milk on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line. Nutr Cancer 1997; 28: 93-9.
[47]
Schiffrin EJ, Rochat F, Link-Amster H, Aeschlimann JM, Donnet-Hughes A. Immunomodulation of human blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78(3): 491-7.
[48]
Matsuzaki T. Immunomodulation by treatment with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 41(2): 133-40.
[49]
Kato I, Endo K, Yokokura T. Effects of oral adminstration of Lactobacillus casei on antitumor responses induced by tumor resection in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 1994; 16(1): 29-36.
[50]
Sekine K, Kawashima T, Hashimoto Y. Comparison of the TNF-a levels induced by human-derived Bifidobacterium longum and rat-derived Bifidobacterium animalis in mouse peritoneal cells. Bifidobact Microflora 1994; 13(2): 79-89.
[51]
Gabrilovich D, Pisarev V. Tumor escape from immune response: mechanisms and targets of activity. Curr Drug Targets 2003; 4(7): 525-36.
[52]
Yabroff KR, Mariotto AB, Feuer E, Brown ML. Projections of the costs associated with colorectal cancer care in the United States, 2000-2020. Health Econ 2008; 17(8): 947-59.
[53]
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: A review. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96(10): 1027-39.
[54]
Potter JD. Colon cancer-do the nutritional epidemiology, the gut physiology and the molecular biology tell the same story? J Nutr 1993; 123(2): 418-23.
[55]
Verghese M, Rao DR, Chawan CB, Williams LL, Shackelford L. Dietary inulin suppresses azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci and colon tumors at the promotion stage in young Fisher 344 rats. J Nutr 2002; 132(9): 2809-13.
[56]
Kato I, Kobayashi S, Yokokura T, Mutai M. Antitumor activity of Lactobacillus casei in mice. Gann 1981; 72(4): 517-23.
[57]
Malaguarnera G, Leggio F, Vacante M, et al. Probiotics in the gastrointestinal diseases of the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16(4): 402-10.
[58]
Takagi A, Matsuzaki T, Sato M, Nomoto K, Morotomi M, Yokokura T. Enhancement of natural killer cytotoxicity delayed murine carcinogenesis by a probiotic microorganism. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22(4): 599-605.
[59]
Imai K, Matsuyama S, Miyake S, Suga K, Nakachi K. Natural cytotoxic activity of peripheral-blood lymphocytes and cancer incidence: an 11-year follow-up study of a general population. Lancet 2000; 356(9244): 1795-9.
[60]
Yasui H, Shida K, Matsuzaki T, Yokokura T. Immunomodulatory
function of lactic acid bacteria. In: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
1999; pp. 383-9.
[61]
Agurs-Collins T, Smoot D, Afful J, Makambi K, Adams-Campbell LL. Legume intake and reduced colorectal adenoma risk in African-Americans. J Natl Black Nurses Assoc 2006; 17(2): 6-12.
[62]
Boateng J, Verghese M, Chawan CB, et al. Red palm oil suppresses the formation of azoxymethane (AOM) induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44(10): 1667-73.
[63]
O’Keefe SJD, Chung D, Mahmoud N, et al. Why do African Americans get more colon cancer than Native Africans? J Nutr 2007; 137(1): 175S-82S.
[64]
Manning TS, Gibson GR. Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Prebiotics. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18(2): 287-98.
[65]
Sobhani I, Tap J, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Microbial dysbiosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. PLoS One 2011; 6(1): e16393.
[66]
Kumar M, Kumar A, Nagpal R, et al. Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: an update. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 61(5): 473-96.
[67]
Berretta M, Lleshi A, Fisichella R, et al. The role of nutrition in the development of esophageal cancer: What do we know? Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4: 351-7.
[68]
O’Mahony L, Feeney M, O’Halloran S, et al. Probiotic impact on microbial florainflammation and tumour development in IL-10 knockout mice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15(8): 1219-25.
[70]
Fesik SW. Promoting apoptosis as a strategy for cancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5(11): 876-85.
[72]
Correia MI, Liboredo JC, Consoli ML. The role of probiotics in gastrointestinal surgery. Nutrition 2012; 28(3): 230-4.
[73]
Bergonzelli G, Blum S, Brüssow H, Corthesy-Theulaz I. Probiotics as a treatment strategy for gastrointestinal diseases? Digestion 2005; 72: 57-68.
[74]
Le Leu RK, Brown IL, Hu Y, et al. A synbiotic combination of resistant starch and bifidobacterium lactis facilitates apoptotic deletion of carcinogen-damaged cells in rat colon. J Nutr 2005; 135(5): 996-1001.
[75]
Videla S, Vilaseca J, Antolín M, et al. Dietary inulin improves distal colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in the rat. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1486-93.
[76]
Reddy BS. Prevention of colon cancer by pre-and probiotics: Evidence from laboratory studies. Br J Nutr 1998; 80(4): S219-23.
[77]
Prasad KN. Butyric acid: A small fatty acid with diverse biological functions. Life Sci 1980; 27(15): 1351-8.
[78]
Roller M, Femia AP, Caderni G, Rechkemmer G, Watzl B. Intestinal immunity of rats with colon cancer is modulated by oligofructose-enriched inulin combined with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis. Br J Nutr 2004; 92(6): 931-8.
[79]
Steer T, Carpenter H, Tuohy K, Gibson GR. Perspectives on the role of the human gut microbiota and its modulation by pro-and prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2000; 13(2): 229-54.
[81]
Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, McDougall L, Hollingsworth MA. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. Coliadherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol-Gastr L 1999; 276(4): G941-50.
[82]
McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA 1994; 271(24): 1913-8.
[83]
Marteau PR, de Vrese M, Cellier CJ, Schrezenmeir J. Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73(2): 430s-6s.
[84]
Michetti P, Dorta G, Wiesel P, et al. Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) la1 on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. Digestion 1999; 60(3): 203-9.
[85]
Goldin BR, Gualtieri LJ, Moore RP. The effect of Lactobacillus GG on the initiation and promotion of DMH‐induced intestinal tumors in the rat. Nutr Cancer 1996; 25: 197-204.
[86]
Ayebo AD, Angelo IA, Shahani KM. Effect of ingesting Lactobacillus acidophilus milk upon fecal flora and enzyme activity in humans. Milchwissenschaft 1980; 35(12): 730-3.
[87]
Marteau P, Vaerman JP, Dehennin JP, et al. Effects of intrajejunal perfusion and chronic ingestion of Lactobacillus johnsonii strain la1 on serum concentrations and jejunal secretions of immunoglobulins and serum proteins in healthy humans. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1997; 21(4): 293-8.
[88]
Lidbeck A, Allinger UG, Orrhage K, et al. Impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on the faecal microflora and soluble faecal bile acids in colon cancer patients. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1991; 4(2): 81-8.
[89]
Minelli EB, Benini A, Vicentini L, Andreoli E, Oselladore M, and Cerutti R. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum administration on colonic microbiota and its metabolic activity in premenstrual syndrome. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1996; 9(6): 247-60.
[90]
Spanhaak S, Havenaar R, Schaafsma G. The effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain shirota on the intestinal microflora and immune parameters in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52(12): 899-907.
[91]
Young TB, Wolf DA. Case‐control study of proximal and distal colon cancer and diet in wisconsin. Int J Cancer 1988; 42(2): 167-75.
[92]
Peters RK, Pike MC, Garabrant D, Mack TM. Diet and colon cancer in los angeles county, california. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3(5): 457-73.
[94]
University of Milano Bicocca. Probiotics in colorectal cancer.
Available from:. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00 936572? term=probiotics+and+colon+cancer&rank=2 [Cited: 15
December, 2015].
[95]
Rafter J, Bennett M, Caderni M, et al. Dietary synbiotics reduce cancer risk factors in polypectomized and colon cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(2): 488-96.
[96]
Liu Z, Qin H, Yang Z, et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post‐operative infectious complications in colorectal cancer surgery-a double‐blind study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33(1): 50-63.
[97]
Österlund P, Ruotsalainen T, Korpela R, et al. Lactobacillus supplementation for diarrhoea related to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Br J Cancer 2007; 97(8): 1028-34.
[98]
Cole CB, Fuller R, Carter SM. Effect of Probiotic Supplements of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium adolescentis 2204 on β-glueosidase and β-glueuronidase Activity in the Lower Gut of Rats Associated with a Human Faecal Flora. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1989; 2(3): 223-5.
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
02 October, 2024
Current progress in Protein Degradation and Cancer Therapy
argeted Protein Degradation is gaining momentum in cancer therapy, it facilitate targeting undruggable proteins, it overcome cancer resistance and avoid undesirable side effects. Thus small molecules degraders have emerged as novel therapeutic strategy. Targeted protein degradation (TPD), the process of eliminating a protein of interest hold a great promise for ...read more
Related Journals
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Current Bioactive Compounds
Current Cancer Drug Targets
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening
Current Diabetes Reviews
Current Drug Safety
Current Drug Targets
Current Drug Therapy
Current Drug Delivery
Related Books
Drug Addiction Mechanisms in the Brain
Software and Programming Tools in Pharmaceutical Research
Objective Pharmaceutics: A Comprehensive Compilation of Questions and Answers for Pharmaceutics Exam Prep
Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents
The Management of Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: An Integrated and Expeditionary Approach
Advanced Pharmacy
Plant-derived Hepatoprotective Drugs
Cancer Genes
The Role of Chromenes in Drug Discovery and Development
Article Metrics
80
4