Abstract
Background: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a key regulator of the cardiovascular system. The two arms of the ANS, sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal) have co-regulatory effects on cardiac homeostasis. ANS modulation and dysfunction are also believed to affect various cardiac disease states. Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence suggesting gender differences in ANS activity. Methods: In multiple previous studies, ANS activity was primarily assessed using heart rate variability, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, coronary blood flow velocity, and plasma biomarkers. Heart rate variability is a non-invasive measure, which can be analyzed in terms of low frequency and high frequency oscillations, which indicate the sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, respectively. These measures have been studied between women and men in states of rest and stress, and in cardiac disease. Conclusion: Studies support the concept of a significant gender difference in ANS activity. Further studies are indicated to elucidate specific differences and mechanisms, which could guide targeted therapy of various cardiovascular disease states.
Keywords: Gender, autonomic nervous system.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Gender Differences in Autonomic Control of the Cardiovascular System
Volume: 22 Issue: 25
Author(s): Naga Venkata Pothineni, Lily F. Shirazi and Jawahar L. Mehta
Affiliation:
Keywords: Gender, autonomic nervous system.
Abstract: Background: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a key regulator of the cardiovascular system. The two arms of the ANS, sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal) have co-regulatory effects on cardiac homeostasis. ANS modulation and dysfunction are also believed to affect various cardiac disease states. Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence suggesting gender differences in ANS activity. Methods: In multiple previous studies, ANS activity was primarily assessed using heart rate variability, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, coronary blood flow velocity, and plasma biomarkers. Heart rate variability is a non-invasive measure, which can be analyzed in terms of low frequency and high frequency oscillations, which indicate the sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, respectively. These measures have been studied between women and men in states of rest and stress, and in cardiac disease. Conclusion: Studies support the concept of a significant gender difference in ANS activity. Further studies are indicated to elucidate specific differences and mechanisms, which could guide targeted therapy of various cardiovascular disease states.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Pothineni Venkata Naga, Shirazi F. Lily and Mehta L. Jawahar, Gender Differences in Autonomic Control of the Cardiovascular System, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (25) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160518125810
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160518125810 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Vitamin D is Related to Markers of Vulnerable Plaque in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Current Vascular Pharmacology Mononuclear Cell Recruitment and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Editorial: Lipoprotein (a), More than Just Cholesterol?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Can Life Before Birth Affect Health Ever After?
Current Women`s Health Reviews Genetic Aspects of Lone Atrial Fibrillation: What Do We Know?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Onco-Surgical Management of Colo-Rectal Liver Metastases in Older Patients: A New Frontier in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Millennium
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Comparison of Biolimus Versus Everolimus for Drug-Eluting Stents in the Percutaneous Treatment of Infra-Inguinal Arterial Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology Humans Entrain to Sunlight - Impact of Social Jet Lag on Disease and Implications for Critical Illness
Current Pharmaceutical Design From CHD Susceptibility Genes to New Therapeutics
Current Pharmacogenomics Novel Biomarkers Assessing Endothelial Dysfunction: Role of microRNAs
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacovigilance Assessment of Cardiac Implications of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Among Smokers
Current Drug Safety COVID-19: Our Current Knowledge of Epidemiology, Pathology, Therapeutic Approaches, and Diagnostic Methods
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Evaluation of Blood Pressure Control using a New Arterial Stiffness Parameter, Cardio-ankle Vascular Index (CAVI)
Current Hypertension Reviews Monoamine Receptors in the Regulation of Feeding Behaviour and Energy Balance
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets The Vectorcardiogram and the Main Dromotropic Disturbances
Current Cardiology Reviews Haptoglobin Phenotype Correlates with the Extent of Cerebral Deep White Matter Lesions in Hypertensive Patients
Current Neurovascular Research Update on the Role of Neutrophils in Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability
Current Drug Targets The Lung Disease of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Application of Mitochondria-Targeted Pharmaceuticals for the Treatment of Heart Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Cerebrovascular Events
Current Vascular Pharmacology