Abstract
Inflammatory response in the nervous system, called neuroinflammation, is a common process of several neurodegenerative diseases and brain disorders. To understand the underlying mechanism of this brain response to damage would be interesting to identify new common therapy targets to neurodegenerative processes. Ischemic stroke has an important socioeconomic impact being the second cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability in the world. Until now, there is not any pharmacological treatment to reduce the brain damage induced. In this review, we will expose recent evidences about neuroinflammation after stroke in animal models and in human. We summarize the most relevant information about the inflammatory-cellular component: microglia/ astrocytes response and peripheral blood cells infiltration to the brain describing the key adhesion molecules implicated in this process. Also, we review the inflammatory-molecular response including the beneficial/detrimental role of chemokines and cytokines after ischemia. Currently, female sexual hormones (estradiol and progesterone) are considered as neuroprotective agents. We and others laboratories demonstrated anti-inflammatory actions of these hormones after stroke, modulating not only the cellular response (reducing the reactive gliosis), but also the immune response. Here, we will present the current data about the neuroprotective role of estradiol and progesterone after ischemic injury focused in their anti-inflammatory action. Additionally, we will review the recent information about the mechanism of action of both hormones, including different receptors and signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the synergistic or antagonic therapeutic effects when they are administered together.
Keywords: Estradiol, glia, neuroprotection, OGD, progesterone, stroke, neuroinflammation.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Stroke and Neuroinflamation: Role of Sexual Hormones
Volume: 22 Issue: 10
Author(s): Maria Jose Perez-Alvarez and Francisco Wandosell
Affiliation:
Keywords: Estradiol, glia, neuroprotection, OGD, progesterone, stroke, neuroinflammation.
Abstract: Inflammatory response in the nervous system, called neuroinflammation, is a common process of several neurodegenerative diseases and brain disorders. To understand the underlying mechanism of this brain response to damage would be interesting to identify new common therapy targets to neurodegenerative processes. Ischemic stroke has an important socioeconomic impact being the second cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability in the world. Until now, there is not any pharmacological treatment to reduce the brain damage induced. In this review, we will expose recent evidences about neuroinflammation after stroke in animal models and in human. We summarize the most relevant information about the inflammatory-cellular component: microglia/ astrocytes response and peripheral blood cells infiltration to the brain describing the key adhesion molecules implicated in this process. Also, we review the inflammatory-molecular response including the beneficial/detrimental role of chemokines and cytokines after ischemia. Currently, female sexual hormones (estradiol and progesterone) are considered as neuroprotective agents. We and others laboratories demonstrated anti-inflammatory actions of these hormones after stroke, modulating not only the cellular response (reducing the reactive gliosis), but also the immune response. Here, we will present the current data about the neuroprotective role of estradiol and progesterone after ischemic injury focused in their anti-inflammatory action. Additionally, we will review the recent information about the mechanism of action of both hormones, including different receptors and signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the synergistic or antagonic therapeutic effects when they are administered together.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Perez-Alvarez Jose Maria and Wandosell Francisco, Stroke and Neuroinflamation: Role of Sexual Hormones, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (10) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161282210160304112834
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161282210160304112834 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Oxidative Stress During Myocardial Ischaemia and Heart Failure
Current Pharmaceutical Design Heparin Oligosaccharides as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Senile Dementia
Current Pharmaceutical Design Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Histamine and its Receptors in Obesity
Current Molecular Pharmacology Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Expression of Membrane Proteins: Emphasis on Molecules of Immunologic Importance.
Current Organic Chemistry Smart Drug-Delivery Systems for Cancer Nanotherapy
Current Drug Targets Mechanisms of Action of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Complications: An Overview
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Do Adult Stem Cells Ameliorate the Damaged Myocardium? Human Cord Blood as a Potential Source of Stem Cells
Current Vascular Pharmacology Dual-acting of Hybrid Compounds - A New Dawn in the Discovery of Multi-target Drugs: Lead Generation Approaches
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Hedgehog Signaling and Urological Cancers
Current Drug Targets The Effects of Italian Mediterranean Organic Diet (IMOD) on Health Status
Current Pharmaceutical Design Hypoxia in Pre-Eclampsia: Cause or Effect?
Current Women`s Health Reviews Comprehensive Review of Cancer Chemopreventive Agents Evaluated in Experimental Carcinogenesis Models and Clinical Trials
Current Medicinal Chemistry Challenges in Managing Amniotic Fluid Embolism: An Up-to-Date Perspective on Diagnostic Testing with Focus on Novel Biomarkers and Avenues for Future Research
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-based Adsorbents and its Application for Organic Pollutant Removal from Water
Current Organic Chemistry Coenzyme Q10 and Neurological Diseases: An Update
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Multitarget Network Strategies to Influence Memory and Forgetting: The Ras/Mapk Pathway as a Novel Option
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Clinically Relevant Extracellular-Matrix Scaffolds for Cell Transplantation and Vascular Repair
Current Vascular Pharmacology Methacholin Provocation Test in COPD and Healthy Smokers
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Bioengineering RNA Silencing Across the Life Kingdoms
Recent Patents on Biotechnology Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Aromatase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Chemoprevention
Current Drug Targets