Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant, a complex of lipids and proteins, functions to keep alveoli from collapsing at expiration. Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) belong to the collectin family and play pivotal roles in the innate immunity of the lung. Pulmonary collectins directly bind with broad specificities to a variety of microorganism and possess antimicrobial effects. These proteins also exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, which occur through interactions with pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor and CD14, signal inhibitory regulatory protein a and a receptor complex of calreticulin and CD91. The collectins enhance phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages through opsonic and/or non-opsonic activities. The proteins stimulate cell surface expression of phagocytic receptors including scavenger receptor A and mannose receptor. Since the expression of SP-A and SP-D is abundant and restricted within the lung, the proteins are now clinically used as biomarkers for lung diseases. The levels of SP-A and SP-D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, amniotic fluids, tracheal aspirates and pleural effusions reflect alterations in alveolar compartments and epithelium, and lung maturity. The determination of SP-A and SP-D in sera is a non-invasive and useful tool for understanding some pathological changes of the lung in the diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, collagen vascular diseases complicated with interstitial lung disease, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and radiation pneumonitis.
Keywords: Surfactant, pulmonary collectin, SP-A, SP-D, innate immunity, inflammation, biomarker, interstitial lung disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Pulmonary Surfactant Proteins A and D: Innate Immune Functions and Biomarkers for Lung Diseases
Volume: 12 Issue: 5
Author(s): Hiroki Takahashi, Hitomi Sano, Hirofumi Chiba and Yoshio Kuroki
Affiliation:
Keywords: Surfactant, pulmonary collectin, SP-A, SP-D, innate immunity, inflammation, biomarker, interstitial lung disease
Abstract: Pulmonary surfactant, a complex of lipids and proteins, functions to keep alveoli from collapsing at expiration. Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) belong to the collectin family and play pivotal roles in the innate immunity of the lung. Pulmonary collectins directly bind with broad specificities to a variety of microorganism and possess antimicrobial effects. These proteins also exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, which occur through interactions with pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptor and CD14, signal inhibitory regulatory protein a and a receptor complex of calreticulin and CD91. The collectins enhance phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages through opsonic and/or non-opsonic activities. The proteins stimulate cell surface expression of phagocytic receptors including scavenger receptor A and mannose receptor. Since the expression of SP-A and SP-D is abundant and restricted within the lung, the proteins are now clinically used as biomarkers for lung diseases. The levels of SP-A and SP-D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, amniotic fluids, tracheal aspirates and pleural effusions reflect alterations in alveolar compartments and epithelium, and lung maturity. The determination of SP-A and SP-D in sera is a non-invasive and useful tool for understanding some pathological changes of the lung in the diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, collagen vascular diseases complicated with interstitial lung disease, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and radiation pneumonitis.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Takahashi Hiroki, Sano Hitomi, Chiba Hirofumi and Kuroki Yoshio, Pulmonary Surfactant Proteins A and D: Innate Immune Functions and Biomarkers for Lung Diseases, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206775474387
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206775474387 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Brain Protection and Cognitive Function: Cocoa Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals
Current Pharmaceutical Design Statin Therapy and Cognition in Older People: What is the Evidence?
Current Clinical Pharmacology Similarities Between Pre-Eclampsia and Atherosclerosis: A Protective Effect of Physical Exercise?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Nano-constructed Carriers Loaded With Antioxidant: Boon For Cardiovascular System
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nephroangiosclerosis and Its Pharmacological Approach
Current Vascular Pharmacology Mepolizumab and Eosinophil-Mediated Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Bevacizumab in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer: Development, Current Status and Issues
Current Medicinal Chemistry Chirality of Central Nervous System (CNS) Acting Drugs: A Formidable Therapeutic Hurdle Against CNS Diseases
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Use of Medication in Coronary Imaging by CT
Current Medical Imaging A Brief Review of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associated Risk Factors and Current Treatment Regimes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Erythropoietin and Oxidative Stress
Current Neurovascular Research Evidence-Based Percutaneous Closure of the Left Atrial Appendage in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Current Cardiology Reviews Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Current Drug Targets Vascular Biomarkers in Asthma and COPD
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Common Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: A Knowledge-Driven Approach
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets (Pro)renin Receptor: Pathological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Primary Hypertension
Current Hypertension Reviews Vitamin E-Related Inhibition of Monocyte 5-Lipoxygenase and Cardiovascular Outcome in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Prediction by Pharmacogenetics of Safety and Efficacy of Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs: A Review
Current Drug Metabolism Neuroprotection and Hypothermia in Infants and Children
Current Drug Targets Editorial [Hot Topic: Modifying Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Epidemiology and Characteristics of Hypertension-Related Disorders (Executive Guest Editor: Aurelio Leone)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design