Abstract
The autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) form a set of multi-faceted disorders with significant genetic, epigenetic and environmental determinants. Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), immuno-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCATs) pathway play significant interactive roles in driving the early developmental etiology and course of ASD. O&NS interactions with immunoinflammatory pathways mediate their effects centrally via the regulation of astrocyte and microglia responses, including regional variations in TRYCATs produced. Here we review the nature of these interactions and propose an early developmental model whereby different ASD genetic susceptibilities interact with environmental and epigenetic processes, resulting in glia biasing the patterning of central interarea interactions. A role for decreased local melatonin and N-acetylserotonin production by immune and glia cells may be a significant treatment target.
Keywords: Autism, glia, immuno-inflammation, melatonin, nitrosative stress, oxidative stress, tryptophan.
Current Neuropharmacology
Title:Redox Regulation and the Autistic Spectrum: Role of Tryptophan Catabolites, Immuno-inflammation, Autoimmunity and the Amygdala
Volume: 12 Issue: 2
Author(s): George Anderson and Michael Maes
Affiliation:
Keywords: Autism, glia, immuno-inflammation, melatonin, nitrosative stress, oxidative stress, tryptophan.
Abstract: The autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) form a set of multi-faceted disorders with significant genetic, epigenetic and environmental determinants. Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), immuno-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCATs) pathway play significant interactive roles in driving the early developmental etiology and course of ASD. O&NS interactions with immunoinflammatory pathways mediate their effects centrally via the regulation of astrocyte and microglia responses, including regional variations in TRYCATs produced. Here we review the nature of these interactions and propose an early developmental model whereby different ASD genetic susceptibilities interact with environmental and epigenetic processes, resulting in glia biasing the patterning of central interarea interactions. A role for decreased local melatonin and N-acetylserotonin production by immune and glia cells may be a significant treatment target.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Anderson George and Maes Michael, Redox Regulation and the Autistic Spectrum: Role of Tryptophan Catabolites, Immuno-inflammation, Autoimmunity and the Amygdala, Current Neuropharmacology 2014; 12 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120223757
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120223757 |
Print ISSN 1570-159X |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6190 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
MDM2 and Human Malignancies: Expression, Clinical Pathology, Prognostic Markers, and Implications for Chemotherapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets Review on Triggered Liposomal Drug Delivery with a Focus on Ultrasound
Current Cancer Drug Targets Role of Alterations in the Apoptotic Machinery in Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Discussion on the Structural Modification and Anti-tumor Activity of Flavonoids
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Role of Autophagy: What can be Learned from the Genetic Forms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Avian Cytokines - An Overview
Current Pharmaceutical Design High-Throughput Miniaturized Immunoassay for Human Interleukin-6 Using Electrochemical Sandwich-Type Enzyme Immunosensors
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Current Strategies for Modulating Lymphangiogenesis Signalling Pathways in Human Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Molecular Modelling and QSAR in the Discovery of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Is Small Really Beautiful? Nanosensors and Low Abundance Biomarkers for Personalized Medicine
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine DNA Methylation Markers in Lung Cancer
Current Genomics Erythropoietin in Cancer: An Update
Current Molecular Medicine The Role of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor STI571 in the Treatment of Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Adrenomedullin-RAMP2 System in Cardiovascular Development and Homeostasis
Current Hypertension Reviews Development of a Non Invasive NGF-Based Therapy for Alzheimers Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Targeting Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) for Cancer Therapy
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Statins and Protein Prenylation in Cancer Cell Biology and Therapy
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Distribution and Characteristics of Intrathoracic Lymphadenopathy in TB/HIV Co-Infection
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Potential Therapeutic Applications of miRNA-Based Technology in Hematological Malignancies
Current Pharmaceutical Design Versatility of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts: Commendable Targets for Anti-tumor Therapy
Current Drug Targets