Glutathione-Related Factors and Oxidative Stress in Autism, A Review

A.      Ghanizadeh; S.      Akhondzadeh; M.      Hormozi; A.      Makarem; M.      Abotorabi-Zarchi; A.      Firoozabadi

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorders are complex neuro-developmental disorders whose neurobiology is proposed to be associated with oxidative stress which is induced by reactive oxygen species. The process of oxidative stress can be a target for therapeutic interventions. In this study, we aimed to review the role of oxidative stress, plasma glutathione (GSH), and related factors as the potential sources of damage to the brain as well as the possible related factors which reduce the oxidative stress. Methylation capacity, sulfates level, and the total glutathione level are decreased in autism. On the other hand, both oxidized glutathione and the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione are increased in autism. In addition, the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, as a part of the antioxidative stress system are decreased. The current literature suggests an imbalance of oxidative and anti-oxidative stress systems in autism. Glutathione is involved in neuro-protection against oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation in autism by improving the anti-oxidative stress system. Decreasing the oxidative stress might be a potential treatment for autism.

Keywords: Autism, oxidative stress, glutathione, treatment, inflammation, methylation, sulfate, spectrum disorders, neurobiology, therapeutic interventions