Abstract
Age-related dementias such as Alzheimer disease (AD) have been linked to vascular disorders like hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis. These risk factors cause ischemia, inflammation, oxidative damage and consequently reperfusion, which is largely due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are believed to induce mitochondrial damage. At higher concentrations, ROS can cause cell injury and death which occurs during the aging process, where oxidative stress is incremented due to an accelerated generation of ROS and a gradual decline in cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. Neuronal mitochondria are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress due to their role in energy supply and use, causing a cascade of debilitating factors such as the production of giant and/or vulnerable young mitochondrion whos DNA has been compromised. Therefore, mitochondria specific antioxidants such as acetyl-L-carnitine and R-alphalipoic acid seem to be potential treatments for AD. They target the factors that damage mitochondria and reverse its effect, thus eliminating the imbalance seen in energy production and amyloid beta oxidation and making these antioxidants very powerful alternate strategies for the treatment of AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer disease, antioxidants, mitochondria, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title: Mitochondrion-Specific Antioxidants as Drug Treatments for Alzheimer Disease
Volume: 10 Issue: 2
Author(s): Hector H. Palacios, Bharat B. Yendluri, Kalpana Parvathaneni, Vagif B. Shadlinski, Mark E. Obrenovich, Jerzy Leszek, Dmitry Gokhman, Kazimierz Gasiorowski, Valentin Bragin and Gjumrakch Aliev
Affiliation:
Keywords: Alzheimer disease, antioxidants, mitochondria, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species
Abstract: Age-related dementias such as Alzheimer disease (AD) have been linked to vascular disorders like hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis. These risk factors cause ischemia, inflammation, oxidative damage and consequently reperfusion, which is largely due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are believed to induce mitochondrial damage. At higher concentrations, ROS can cause cell injury and death which occurs during the aging process, where oxidative stress is incremented due to an accelerated generation of ROS and a gradual decline in cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. Neuronal mitochondria are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress due to their role in energy supply and use, causing a cascade of debilitating factors such as the production of giant and/or vulnerable young mitochondrion whos DNA has been compromised. Therefore, mitochondria specific antioxidants such as acetyl-L-carnitine and R-alphalipoic acid seem to be potential treatments for AD. They target the factors that damage mitochondria and reverse its effect, thus eliminating the imbalance seen in energy production and amyloid beta oxidation and making these antioxidants very powerful alternate strategies for the treatment of AD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
H. Palacios Hector, B. Yendluri Bharat, Parvathaneni Kalpana, B. Shadlinski Vagif, E. Obrenovich Mark, Leszek Jerzy, Gokhman Dmitry, Gasiorowski Kazimierz, Bragin Valentin and Aliev Gjumrakch, Mitochondrion-Specific Antioxidants as Drug Treatments for Alzheimer Disease, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2011; 10 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152711794480474
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152711794480474 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Naturalistic Measurement of Sleep in Older Adults with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Anxiety Symptoms Do Not Explain Sleep Disturbance
Current Alzheimer Research Pleiotropic Effects of the Rho-kinase Inhibitor Fasudil After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Current Vascular Pharmacology The Prevalence of Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Current Alzheimer Research Novel Detection System for Plant Protein Production of Pharmaceuticals and Impact on Conformational Diseases
Protein & Peptide Letters Discovery of ADDL-Targeting Small Molecule Drugs for Alzheimers Disease
Current Alzheimer Research DNA Secondary Structure at Chromosomal Fragile Sites in Human Disease
Current Genomics Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke
Current Vascular Pharmacology Is the Use of Proton-pump Inhibitors a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease? Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Current Medicinal Chemistry Platelets and Vascular Risk: An Option for Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Encephalopathy: A Vicious Cascade Following Forebrain Ischemia and Hypoxia
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Defining and Regulating Acute Inflammatory Lesion Formation during the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Microbial Agents, Immune Function and Atheromatosis: The Chlamydophila pneumoniae Role
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) ISCHEMIRs: Finding a Way Through the Obstructed Cerebral Arteries
Current Drug Targets Selectivity Problems with Drugs Acting on Cardiac Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channels
Current Medicinal Chemistry Establishing Genomic/Transcriptomic Links Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Meta-Analysis Approach
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Editorial (Thematic Issue: Disease Control and Active and Healthy Ageing: New Paradigms of Therapeutic Strategy)
Current Pharmaceutical Design Novel Ferulic Acid-donepezil Hybrids as Multifunctional Agents for th e Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Butyrylcholinesterase, Amyloid- β, Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery MicroRNAs: Emerging Role in the Endogenous μ Opioid System
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Resveratrol and Analogues: A Review of Antioxidant Activity and Applications to Human Health
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture Coarse Classification to Region-Scalable Refining for White Matter Lesions Segmentation in Multi-Channel MRI
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets