Abstract
Many Chinese herbs have been tested against herpes simplex virus (HSV) in search for new anti-herpetic agents. Extracts and novel molecules such as polysaccharides, tannins, terpenes, lignans, saponins, lectins and flavonoids have been found to be effective as anti-herpetic agents. Using different in vitro and in vivo models, novel compounds isolated from Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) have been tested and demonstrated with strong inhibitory effects on HSV through different mechanisms. CHM like Camellia sinensis, Mentha piperita, Myrica rubra, Pterocarya stenoptera, Smilax glabra and Terminalia arjuna are effective even at early stage of HSV infection to hinder viral attachment and penetration. Other CHM including Chamaecyparis obtuse, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Lobelia chinesis and Ocimum basilicum are capable of interfering in viral replication. Nelumbo nucifera, Pithecellobium clypearia, Polygonum cuspidatum and Schefflera heptaphylla have been reported to block host cellular machineries while Plantago major and Prunella vulgaris have shown to induce immunomodulatory effect. It is also noticeable that some CHM showed dual and even multiple roles in combating HSV infection. Structural modifications of CHM derived compounds by changing the degree of sulfation and oxygenation, transforming specific moiety, addition of chemical groups and increasing molecular weight resulted in enhanced anti-herpetic activity with high selectivity and low toxicity. It is a hopeful attempt to develop topical microbicides which possess multiple actions on the early or late stage of HSV infections from CHM. In this review, we focus on the promising results and the working mechanisms on the anti-herpetic activities of several CHM and the potential of their clinical applications.
Keywords: Chinese herbal medicines, herpes simplex virus, HSV-1, HSV-2, structural modification, microbicides, Anti-Herpetic Agents, polysaccharides, tannins, terpenes, lignans, saponins, flavonoids, Myrica rubra, Pterocarya stenoptera, Smilax glabra, transforming specific moiety, encephalitis, meningitis, corneal blindness, neonatal infections, skin lesions, mucocutaneous herpes, guanosine nucleoside, viral DNA polymerase, Acyclovir (ACV), Mutations, thymidine kinase, anti-HSV chemotherapy, cyclin-dependent kinases, oxidation process, Chamaecyparis Obtusa, Euphorbia Jolkini, Euphorbia Thymifolia, virucidal effect, heteroannular diene structure, Lobelia Chinensis, Melia Azedarach, herpetic stromal keratitis, mitogen-activated, protein kinase cascades, Mentha Piperita, non-cytotoxic concentrations, Morus Alba, anti-herpetic mechanism, bioassay-guided fractionation, Ocimum Basilicum, Phyllanthus Urinaria, Geraniin, galloyltricetifavan, cellular proteins, Plantago Major, Polygonatum Cyrtonema, Polygonum Cuspidatum, virus replication, Prunella Vulgaris, lignin-carbohydrate complex, macrophage-related cytokines, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, Schefflera Heptaphylla, fetuin-binding glycoprotein (SGPF2), viral infection, lupeol, Terminalia Arjuna, Typhonium Divaricatum, single drug, ACV, drug-resistant viral strains, therapeutic HSV vaccine, Sodium rutin sulfate, cross-linking, HSV inhibition, topical microbicides
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances of Heterocyclic Chemistry with Pesticide Activity
Global food safety and security will continue to be a global concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Plant diseases have had a significant impact on food safety and security throughout the entire food chain, from primary production to consumption. While conventional chemical pesticides have been traditionally used for ...read more
Calculation design of covalent/metal organic framework based catalysts
This research area combines theoretical computation and screening with machine learning for the design of covalent/metal organic framework-based catalysts, bridging the disciplines of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, computational chemistry, materials science, and machine learning. It covers several critical aspects: designing and synthesizing organic catalysts for improved performance, applying computational methods ...read more
Carbohydrates conversion in biofuels and bioproducts
Biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis, and saccharification of carbohydrates, and sugars bioconversion in biofuels and bioproducts within a biorefinery framework. Carbohydrates derived from woody biomass, agricultural wastes, algae, sewage sludge, or any other lignocellulosic feedstock are included in this issue. Simulation, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle analysis of a biorefinery process are ...read more
Catalytic C-H bond activation as a tool for functionalization of heterocycles
The major topic is the functionalization of heterocycles through catalyzed C-H bond activation. The strategies based on C-H activation not only provide straightforward formation of C-C or C-X bonds but, more importantly, allow for the avoidance of pre-functionalization of one or two of the cross-coupling partners. The beneficial impact of ...read more
Related Books
Advances in Organic Synthesis
The Synthetic Methods, Structures, and Properties of the Ca-C σ Bond Organocalcium Containing Compounds
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Chemistry of Bipyrazoles: Synthesis and Applications
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Advanced Nanocatalysis for Organic Synthesis and Electroanalysis
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Advances in Organic Synthesis
14