Abstract
Present study reports optimal conditions for the preparation of cyclosporin A loaded PLGA nanoparticles with a diameter < 200nm. In a systematic approach, various process variables such as homogenization/sonication, choice of suitable stabilizer and its concentration, drug loading etc. were optimized to achieve maximum drug loading and desired particle size ( < 200nm) and the optimized formulation was further characterized for shape and morphology by atomic forced microscopy (AFM), nature of drug inside the nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) analysis and in-vitro drug release. A step wise freeze drying cycle was developed and suitable lyoprotectants were screened for long term shelf storage of the formulation in dried form. Accelerated stability testing was also carried out to determine the change in physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles during storage. Nanoparticles were successfully prepared with high encapsulation efficiency ( > 85%w/w) and low particle size (163 nm) using 2% w/v PVA as surfactant with probe sonication technique. AFM images confirmed the spherical shape and smooth surface of the particles and drug was found to be molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix of nanoparticles as revealed by XRD analysis. Developed formulation showed a zero order in vitro release pattern up to 20 days with no initial burst release when carried out using a cellulose dialysis bags with a molecular mass cut-off of 12000 Da. Step wise freeze drying was successfully carried out using relatively low concentration (2.5%w/v) of dextrose and mannitol as lyoprotectants with insignificant changes in particle size and entrapment efficiency. No significant changes in characteristics of nanoparticles were observed after 3 months of storage in accelerated stability conditions. The developed formulation can be successfully used as potential delivery vehicle for delivery of cyclosporin A through oral/topical routes for possible systemic or dermatological applications. The nanoparticles would be loaded into a gel for possible topical application and such studies are underway in our laboratory.
Keywords: Cyclosporin A, PLGA, nanoparticles, Freeze drying, AFM, XRD
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Role of nanomaterials in fabrication of coatings, Machining and Joining
The application of nanoscience has brought about a revolution in the field of mechanical engineering by providing novel materials, boosting manufacturing processes, and generating cutting-edge products. The purpose of this special issue is to investigate the enormous impact that nanoscience has had on mechanical engineering, with a particular emphasis on ...read more
Advanced Inorganic Nanocomposites and Their Emerging Applications
This special issue collection will highlight developments on the recent trends about the synthesis of metal oxides, nanoclusters, biomaterials, 2D nanomaterials, nanocrystals, nanocomposites, etc. and their applications in electrochemical systems, tissue regeneration, energy storage and harvesting, sensors, etc. The novelty of the methods in the chemical synthesis and their characterizations, ...read more
Applicability of Nanotechnology for Performance Enhancement of Clean Energy Technologies
Population growth, industrialization, and improvement in living quality would lead to further increase in energy demand in near future. Regarding the disadvantages of fossil fuels such as fluctuations in their price, high emissions of greenhouse gases and restriction of their sources, it is crucial to use and exploit alternative energy ...read more
Graphene and 2D Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
This thematic issue will discuss the recent advances in graphene-based nanomaterials for different energy technologies. Graphene possesses a high surface area, and stable structure and exhibits many interesting electronic, optical, and mechanical properties due to its 2D crystal structure. Graphene is of both fundamental interest and suitable for a wide ...read more
Related Books
Nanoscale Field Effect Transistors: Emerging Applications
Nanoelectronics Devices: Design, Materials, and Applications Part II
Nanoelectronics Devices: Design, Materials, and Applications (Part I)
Role of Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy
Synthesis and Applications of Semiconductor Nanostructures
Pathways to Green Nanomaterials: Plants as Raw Materials, Reducing Agents and Hosts
Applications of Nanomaterials in Medical Procedures and Treatments
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Nanobiotechnology: Principles and Applications
Bio-Inspired Nanotechnology
13