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Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

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ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

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Review Article

Bilirubin and Epigenetic Modifications in Metabolic and Immunometabolic Disorders

Author(s): Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Esmaeel Babaeenezhad, Maral Amini, Mozhgan Kaviani and Fakhraddin Naghibalhossaini*

Volume 22, Issue 12, 2022

Published on: 13 May, 2022

Page: [1178 - 1190] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211125102924

Price: $65

Abstract

Bilirubin is the main waste product of heme catabolism. At high concentrations, bilirubin may cause toxicity, especially in the brain, kidney, and erythrocytes. Membrane and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications are the main mechanisms of toxicity triggered by bilirubin in susceptible organs. Many studies have shown that there is an interaction between bilirubin and epigenetic modifications in metabolic and immune diseases. In this review, we first outline the toxicity mediated by bilirubin and then summarize the current knowledge linking bilirubin and epigenetic modifications in metabolic and immunometabolic disorders.

Keywords: Bilirubin, DNA methylation, epigenetic modifications, metabolic disorders, immunometabolic disorder, Wilson’s disease (WD).

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Graphical Abstract

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