Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Alzheimer Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2050
ISSN (Online): 1875-5828

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Research Article

Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: An Epidemiological Study

Author(s): Jana Janoutová*, Martina Kovalová, Ondřej Machaczka, Petr Ambroz, Anna Zatloukalová, Kateřina Němček and Vladimír Janout

Volume 18, Issue 5, 2021

Published on: 20 August, 2021

Page: [372 - 379] Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210820124135

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: Dementia becomes a major public health challenge in both the Czech Republic and worldwide. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Objective: We conducted two successive epidemiological projects in 2012-2015 and 2016-2019. Their aim was to study the effect of selected potential genetic, vascular and psychosocial risk factors on the development of AD by comparing their frequencies in AD patients and controls.

Methods: Epidemiological case-control studies were conducted. In total, data from 2106 participants (1096 cases, 1010 controls) were analyzed.

Results: Three times more females than males suffered from AD. The highest proportion of cases were those with primary education, unlike controls. There were statistically significantly more manual workers among cases than among controls. Of selected vascular risk factors, coronary heart disease was found to be statistically significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. The onset of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was earlier in controls than in cases. As for hobbies and interests, there were statistically significant differences in physical activity, reading and solving crosswords between the groups, with these activities being more common in controls.

Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD, is currently increasing. Given the aging of the population, these conditions may be expected to rise in prevalence. Potential risk of AD needs to be studied, analyzed and confirmed; a detailed knowledge of the risks of AD and early detection of the pathology may therefore be very beneficial for prevention and early treatment of this condition.

Keywords: Dementia, Alzheimer's disease, epidemiology, risk factors, neurodegenerative diseases.

« Previous Next »
[1]
World Population Clock at the U.S. Census Bureau Available from: www.worldometers.info cited 2019 December 12.
[2]
Zvěřová M. Novinky v gerontopsychiatrii. Psychiatrpraxi 2019; 20(3): 108.: 110.Available from: https://www.psychiatriepropraxi.cz/artkey/psy-201903-0002_novinky_v_gerontopsychiatrii.php
[3]
Zpráva o stavu demence Česká alzheimerovská společnost 2015.Available from: http://www.alzheimer.cz/res/archive/004/000480. pdf?seek=1492589048
[4]
Alzheimer´s disease International. World Alzheimer Report 2015.Available from: http://www.alz.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/World-Report-2015
[5]
Koncepce Alzheimer Ministerstvo zdravotnictví 2015.https://www. mzcr.cz/dokumenty/definitivni-navrh-koncepce-alzheimer_12998_ 3216_1.html
[6]
Česká alzheimerovská společnost [Czech Alzheimer Society official website] 2015.Available from: http://www.alzheimer.cz/alzheimerova-choroba/
[7]
Höschl C, et al. Alzheimerova choroba. Praha: Galén 1999; p. 96.
[8]
Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11(11): 1006-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70191-6] [PMID: 23079557]
[9]
Launer LJ. The epidemiologic study of dementia: a life-long quest? Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26(3): 335-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.016] [PMID: 15639311]
[10]
Mortimer JA. Brain reserve and the clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatrics 1997; 52(Suppl. 2): S50-3.
[PMID: 9307589]
[11]
Norton MC, Østbye T, Smith KR, Munger RG, Tschanz JT. Early parental death and late-life dementia risk: findings from the Cache County Study. Age Ageing 2009; 38(3): 340-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp023] [PMID: 19276094]
[12]
Mortimer JA. Chichester: Do Psychosocial Risk Factors Contribute to Alzheimer’s Disease? In: Henderson AS, Henderson JH, Eds. In: Etiology of Dementia of Alzheimer’s type Dahlem Workshop, Report LS 43. John Wiley and Sons, USA 1988; pp. 39-52.
[13]
Alzheimer´s disease International World Alzheimer Report 2014 2014.Available from: https://www.alz.co.uk/research/World AlzheimerReport2014.pdf
[14]
Šerý O, Hlinecká L, Balcar VJ, Janout V, Povová J. Diabetes, hypertension and stroke - does Alzheimer protect you? Neuroendocrinol Lett 2014; 35(8): 691-6.
[PMID: 25702297]
[15]
Alonso Vilatela ME, López-López M, Yescas-Gómez P. Genetics of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Med Res 2012; 43(8): 622-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.017] [PMID: 23142261]
[16]
Mendez MF. Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD. Arch Med Res 2012; 43(8): 677-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.009] [PMID: 23178565]
[17]
Jirák R, et al. Gerontopsychiatrie. Galén 2013.
[18]
Bagyinszky E, Youn YC, An SS, Kim S. The genetics of Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9: 535-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S51571] [PMID: 24729694]
[19]
Laws KR, Irvine K, Gale TM. Sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018; 31(2): 133-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000401] [PMID: 29324460]
[20]
Pike CJ. Sex and the development of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95(1-2): 671-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23827] [PMID: 27870425]
[21]
Li R, Singh M. Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35(3): 385-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.01.002] [PMID: 24434111]
[22]
Hamson DK, Roes MM, Galea LA. Sex hormones and cognition: neuroendocrine influences on memory and learning. Compr Physiol 2016; 6(3): 1295-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c150031] [PMID: 27347894]
[23]
Janoutová J, Kovalová M, Ambroz P, et al. Alzheimerova choroba jako výzva pro veřejnézdravotnictví. Psychiatrprax 2019; 20(3): 139-41.Available from: https://www.psychiatriepropraxi.cz/artkey/psy-201903-0010.php
[24]
Marioni RE, Proust-Lima C, Amieva H, et al. Social activity, cognitive decline and dementia risk: a 20-year prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15: 1089.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2426-6] [PMID: 26499254]
[25 ]
Sommerlad A, Sabia S, Singh-Manoux A, Lewis G, Livingston G. Association of social contact with dementia and cognition: 28-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16(8)e1002862
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002862] [PMID: 31374073]
[26]
Fratiglioni L, Wang H-X. Brain reserve hypothesis in dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2007; 12(1): 11-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2007-12103] [PMID: 17851191]
[27]
Baumgart M, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, Fazio S, Kim H, Johns H. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: A population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11(6): 718-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016] [PMID: 26045020]
[28]
Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2006; 36(4): 441-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705006264] [PMID: 16207391]
[29]
Bennett DA, Arnold SE, Valenzuela MJ, Brayne C, Schneider JA. Cognitive and social lifestyle: links with neuropathology and cognition in late life. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127(1): 137-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1226-2] [PMID: 24356982]
[30]
Dickstein DL, Walsh J, Brautigam H, Stockton SD Jr, Gandy S, Hof PR. Role of vascular risk factors and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Mt Sinai J Med 2010; 77(1): 82-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/msj.20155] [PMID: 20101718]
[31]
Panpalli Ates M, Karaman Y, Guntekin S, Ergun MA. Analysis of genetics and risk factors of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2016; 325: 124-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.051] [PMID: 27026590]
[32]
Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study. JAMA 1997; 277(10): 813-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540340047031] [PMID: 9052711]
[33]
Meng XF, Yu JT, Wang HF, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 42(4): 1295-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-140954] [PMID: 25024338]
[34]
Albai O, Frandes M, Timar R, Roman D, Timar B. Risk factors for developing dementia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15: 167-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S189905] [PMID: 30655669]
[35]
Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ, Yoder KK. Cigarette smoking is associated with cortical thinning in anterior frontal regions, insula and regions showing atrophy in early Alzheimer’s Disease. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192: 277-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.009] [PMID: 30300802]
[36]
Durazzo TC, Mattsson N, Weiner MW. Smoking and increased Alzheimer’s disease risk: a review of potential mechanisms. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10(3)(Suppl.): S122-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.009] [PMID: 24924665]
[37]
Ho YS, Yang X, Yeung SC, et al. Cigarette smoking accelerated brain aging and induced pre-Alzheimer-like neuropathology in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7(5)e36752
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036752] [PMID: 22606286]
[38]
Sonnen JA, Larson EB, Gray SL, et al. Free radical damage to cerebral cortex in Alzheimer’s disease, microvascular brain injury, and smoking. Ann Neurol 2009; 65(2): 226-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21508] [PMID: 19259965]
[39]
Neafsey EJ, Collins MA. Moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive risk. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2011; 7: 465-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S23159] [PMID: 21857787]
[40]
Sheardová K, Hudeček D. Prevence demence a životní styl. Neurol Praxi 2011; 12(6): 418-21. Available from: https://www.
neurologiepropraxi.cz/artkey/neu-201106-0010_Prevence_demence_a_zivotni_styl.php
[41]
Piazza-Gardner AK, Gaffud TJ, Barry AE. The impact of alcohol on Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2013; 17(2): 133-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.742488] [PMID: 23171229]
[42]
Heymann D, Stern Y, Cosentino S, Tatarina-Nulman O, Dorrejo JN, Gu Y. The Association Between Alcohol Use and the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13(12): 1356-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205013666160603005035] [PMID: 27628432]
[43]
Okabayashi S, Kawamura T, Wakai K, et al. Lifestyle and psychosocial factors and a decline in competence in daily living among Japanese early elderly people: from an age-specified community-based cohort study (NISSIN project). Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24(1): 28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0787-7] [PMID: 31060492]
[44]
Crowe M, Andel R, Pedersen NL, Johansson B, Gatz M. Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease? A prospective study of Swedish twins. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2003; 58(5): 249-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.5.P249] [PMID: 14507930]
[45]
Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5(1): 64-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70284-2] [PMID: 16361024]
[46]
Stephen R, Hongisto K, Solomon A, Lönnroos E. Physical activity and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic revieW. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72(6): 733-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw251] [PMID: 28049634]
[47]
Hersi M, Irvine B, Gupta P, Gomes J, Birkett N, Krewski D. Risk factors associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review of the evidence. Neurotoxicology 2017; 61: 143-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.006] [PMID: 28363508]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
53
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy