Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the world's leading cause of death and disability in both men and women, but with different prognostics and outcomes between sexes. Although the burden of CVD is generally related to the conventional risk factors, the relevance of non-traditional risk factors is increasingly being recognized to explain the so-called “residual risk”. Men and women share many similarities regarding classical cardiovascular risk factors but have different disease pathophysiology, clinical presentations, prevalence, and outcomes of CVDs. How sex-specificities regarding the effects of non-traditional risk factors may contribute to the evolution of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations in males and females remain largely underanalyzed. The present review summarizes the current knowledge for sex differences in atherosclerotic plaque composition and clinical evolution in association with risk factors, such as inflammation, lipoprotein(a), hemostasis, intraplaque calcification, and depression. We further discuss the potential sex-differential impact of chronic infectious diseases, gut microbiome and, epigenetic gene expression regulation for atherosclerosis and the effect of female-specific disorders in CVD.
Keywords: Non-traditional risk factors, male, female, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, cardiovascular disease, microvascular dysfunction, plaque burden, coronary arteries.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Sex Differences and Emerging New Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Its Thrombotic Complications
Volume: 27 Issue: 29
Author(s): Teresa Padro*, Natalia Muñoz-Garcia, Esther Peña and Lina Badimon
Affiliation:
- Cardiovascular-Program ICCC, Research Institute Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona,Spain
Keywords: Non-traditional risk factors, male, female, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, cardiovascular disease, microvascular dysfunction, plaque burden, coronary arteries.
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the world's leading cause of death and disability in both men and women, but with different prognostics and outcomes between sexes. Although the burden of CVD is generally related to the conventional risk factors, the relevance of non-traditional risk factors is increasingly being recognized to explain the so-called “residual risk”. Men and women share many similarities regarding classical cardiovascular risk factors but have different disease pathophysiology, clinical presentations, prevalence, and outcomes of CVDs. How sex-specificities regarding the effects of non-traditional risk factors may contribute to the evolution of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations in males and females remain largely underanalyzed. The present review summarizes the current knowledge for sex differences in atherosclerotic plaque composition and clinical evolution in association with risk factors, such as inflammation, lipoprotein(a), hemostasis, intraplaque calcification, and depression. We further discuss the potential sex-differential impact of chronic infectious diseases, gut microbiome and, epigenetic gene expression regulation for atherosclerosis and the effect of female-specific disorders in CVD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Padro Teresa *, Muñoz-Garcia Natalia , Peña Esther and Badimon Lina , Sex Differences and Emerging New Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Its Thrombotic Complications, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2021; 27 (29) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201118094209
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201118094209 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Bone Disease in Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Anti-islet Cell Antibodies in a Sample of Egyptian Females with Gestational Diabetes and its Relation to Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Current Diabetes Reviews Matrix Metalloproteinases as Drug Targets in Preeclampsia
Current Drug Targets From Mars to Venus: Gender Differences in the Management and Outcomes of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Perinatal Heart Programming: Long-term Consequences
Current Medicinal Chemistry Left Atrial Appendage Closure -The WATCHMAN Device
Current Cardiology Reviews Reproduction in Couples with Chronic Viral Infections
Current Women`s Health Reviews The Oxygen Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry Thyroid Hormones Crosstalk with Growth Factors: Old Facts and New Hypotheses
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Placental Hypoxia Developed During Preeclampsia Induces Telocytes Apoptosis in Chorionic Villi Affecting The Maternal-Fetus Metabolic Exchange
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Developments in Growth Hormone Delivery
Current Drug Therapy Role of Opioid Antagonists in the Treatment of Women with Glucoregulation Abnormalities
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) as a New Biomarker for Non – Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Diseases
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Understanding Gender Differences in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature
Current Psychiatry Reviews Midkine: A Promising Molecule for Drug Development to Treat Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Current Pharmaceutical Design Signalling Satiety and Starvation to β-Cell Insulin Secretion
Current Diabetes Reviews A Prevention of Pre-eclampsia with the Use of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Low-molecular Weight Heparin – Molecular Mechanisms
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Intra-uterine Growth Retardation as a Risk Factor of Postnatal Metabolic Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology HbA1c, Fructosamine, and Glycated Albumin in the Detection of Dysglycaemic Conditions
Current Diabetes Reviews Osteoprotegerin in Cardiovascular Disease: Ally or Enemy?
Current Pharmaceutical Design