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Current Cardiology Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

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General Review Article

Endothelial Dysfunction and Coronary Vasoreactivity - A Review of the History, Physiology, Diagnostic Techniques, and Clinical Relevance

Author(s): Tharusha Gunawardena*, Ioannis Merinopoulos, Upul Wickramarachchi, Vassilios Vassiliou and Simon Eccleshall

Volume 17, Issue 1, 2021

Published on: 18 June, 2020

Page: [85 - 100] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1573403X16666200618161942

Price: $65

Abstract

The fervency for advancement and evolution in percutaneous coronary intervention has revolutionised the treatment of coronary artery disease. Historically, the focus of the interventional cardiologist was directed at the restoration of luminal patency of the major epicardial coronary arteries, yet whilst this approach is evolving with much greater utilisation of physiological assessment, it often neglects consideration of the role of the coronary microcirculation, which has been shown to clearly influence prognosis. In this review, we explore the narrative of the coronary circulation as more than just a simple conduit for blood but an organ with functional significance. We review organisation and physiology of the coronary circulation, as well as the current methods and techniques used to examine it. We discuss the studies exploring coronary artery endothelial function, appreciating that coronary artery disease occurs on a spectrum of disorder and that percutaneous coronary intervention has a latent effect on the coronary circulation with long-term consequences. It is concluded that greater recognition of the coronary artery endothelium and mechanisms of the coronary circulation should further guide revascularisation strategies.

Keywords: Drug coated balloons, endothelial function, vasoreactivity testing, vasomotion, bioresorbable scaffolds, drug eluting stents, microvascular angina, MINOCA, coronary microcirculation, angina, acute coronary syndrome.

Graphical Abstract

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