摘要
在上个世纪,我们同癌症的斗争开始于三种主要途径;手术,放疗和化疗。在对最佳治疗方法进行了数十年的研究之后,有关免疫疗法在癌症治疗中有效性的最新发现给人们带来了一线希望。免疫治疗已被证明在监测和破坏致癌细胞方面是有效的,显示其通过控制稳定的免疫编辑过程来抑制癌症的能力。免疫编辑是一个包含三个主要要素的过程;消除、平衡和逃脱,对理解检查点的抑制至关重要。癌细胞采用各种方法来逃避导致其免疫逃逸的消除步骤。逃避机制包括抑制癌症根除免疫细胞成功激活的负共信号的上调,有利于免疫抑制肿瘤微环境(TME)的细胞因子背景的发展,或降低肿瘤特异性蛋白(新抗原)的表达,因此降低了对癌细胞的免疫活性。今天,检查点抑制剂被认为是我们对抗癌症的主要方法。针对检查点抑制剂的抑制作用的策略已经被证明对不同类型和阶段的癌症有效,并且一些检查点抑制剂已经获得了FDA的批准。本综述旨在全面覆盖免疫检查点调节在维持免疫稳态平衡和控制致瘤细胞中的作用的历史背景和最新进展。
关键词: 癌症免疫疗法,检查点刺激器,检查点抑制剂,免疫监测,肿瘤微环境,PD-1
Current Cancer Drug Targets
Title:Immune Checkpoint Regulators: A New Era Toward Promising Cancer Therapy
Volume: 20 Issue: 6
关键词: 癌症免疫疗法,检查点刺激器,检查点抑制剂,免疫监测,肿瘤微环境,PD-1
摘要: During the last century, our battle against cancer has been inaugurated upon three main approaches; surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The latest findings on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cancer management offer a ray of hope after decades of research and studies on the best treatment methods. Immunotherapy has proven effective in the surveillance and destruction of cancer- causing cells, demonstrating its ability to suppress cancer through controlling the wellestablished immune-editing process. Immuno-editing is a process that comprises three principal elements; elimination, equilibrium, and escape, and is paramount to the comprehension of checkpoint inhibition. Cancer cells employ various approaches to evade the elimination step leading to its immune- escape. The escape mechanism encompasses the up-regulation of negative co-signals that block successful activation of cancer-eradicating immune cells, developing cytokine background that favors the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), or dropping the expression of tumor- specific proteins known as neo-antigens, therefore reducing the immunogenic activity against cancer cells. Today, checkpoint inhibitors are considered as a primary approach in our fight against cancer. Strategies targeting the inhibitory roles of checkpoint inhibitors have been shown effective against different cancer types and stages, and some already gained the FDA’s approval. This review seeks to comprehensively cover the historical background as well as the most recent updates for the role of immune checkpoint regulators in the maintenance of immune homeostatic balance as well as keeping the tumorigenic cells in check.
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Immune Checkpoint Regulators: A New Era Toward Promising Cancer Therapy, Current Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20 (6) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009620666200422081912
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009620666200422081912 |
Print ISSN 1568-0096 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-5576 |
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