Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

The Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Author(s): Hadis Fathizadeh, Alireza Milajerdi, Željko Reiner, Fariba Kolahdooz, Maryam Chamani, Elaheh Amirani and Zatollah Asemi*

Volume 25, Issue 30, 2019

Page: [3266 - 3281] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830154336

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: The findings of trials investigating the effects of L-carnitine administration on serum lipids are inconsistent. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to summarize the effects of L-carnitine intake on serum lipids in patients and healthy individuals.

Methods: Two authors independently searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar from 1990 until August 1, 2019, in order to find relevant RCTs. The quality of selected RCTs was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Cochrane’s Q test and I-square (I2) statistic were used to determine the heterogeneity across included trials. Weight mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI between the two intervention groups were used to determine pooled effect sizes. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the source of heterogeneity based on suspected variables such as, participant’s health conditions, age, dosage of L-carnitine, duration of study, sample size, and study location between primary RCTs.

Results: Out of 3460 potential papers selected based on keywords search, 67 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that L-carnitine administration led to a significant decrease in triglycerides (WMD: -10.35; 95% CI: -16.43, -4.27), total cholesterol (WMD: -9.47; 95% CI: - 13.23, -5.70) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (WMD: -6.25; 95% CI: -9.30, -3.21), and a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.21, 2.57). L-carnitine supplementation did not influence VLDL-cholesterol concentrations. When we stratified studies for the predefined factors such as dosage, and age, no significant effects of the intervention on triglycerides, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels were found.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that L-carnitine administration significantly reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels in the pooled analyses, but did not affect VLDL-cholesterol levels; however, these findings were not confirmed in our subgroup analyses by participant’s health conditions, age, dosage of L-carnitine, duration of study, sample size, and study location.

Keywords: L-carnitine, lipid profiles, meta-analysis, serum lipids, Cochrane’s Q test, triglycerides.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Graham I, Cooney MT, Bradley D, Dudina A, Reiner Z. Dyslipidemias in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: risks and causality. Curr Cardiol Rep 2012; 14(6): 709-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11886-012-0313-7] [PMID: 22965836]
[2]
Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Developed with the special contribution of the European Assocciation for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis 2016; 253: 281-344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.018] [PMID: 27594540]
[3]
Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J 2011; 32(11): 1345-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr112] [PMID: 21531743]
[4]
Reiner Ž. Hypertriglyceridaemia and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14(7): 401-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.31] [PMID: 28300080]
[5]
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome-a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366(9491): 1059-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8] [PMID: 16182882]
[6]
Dusanov S, Heggen E, Tonstad S. Characteristics of metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14(10): 500-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2016.0062] [PMID: 27513810]
[7]
Calvani M, Reda E, Arrigoni-Martelli E. Regulation by carnitine of myocardial fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism under normal and pathological conditions. Basic Res Cardiol 2000; 95(2): 75-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003950050167] [PMID: 10826498]
[8]
Ganai AA, Ahad A, Ganaie IA, Abdin M, Farooqi H. Glycine propionyl L-Carnitine (GPLC) Ameliorates D-Galactosamine (D-GALN) induced oxidative stress in rats by preventing lipid peroxidation and maintaining the redox potential. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2013; 4: 1037-45.
[9]
Lee B-J, Lin J-S, Lin Y-C, Lin P-T. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15: 107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0277-5] [PMID: 27317162]
[10]
Malek Mahdavi A, Mahdavi R, Kolahi S, Zemestani M, Vatankhah AM. L-Carnitine supplementation improved clinical status without changing oxidative stress and lipid profile in women with knee osteoarthritis. Nutr Res 2015; 35(8): 707-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2015.06.003] [PMID: 26149189]
[11]
Mohammadi H, Djalali M, Daneshpazhooh M, et al. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and lipid profile, in patients with pemphigus vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017.
[PMID: 28832573]
[12]
Serban M-C, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Impact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 19188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep19188] [PMID: 26754058]
[13]
Huang H, Song L, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhao W. Influence of L-carnitine supplementation on serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2013; 38(1): 31-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000355751] [PMID: 24525835]
[14]
Chen Y, Abbate M, Tang L, et al. L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99(2): 408-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.062802] [PMID: 24368434]
[15]
Vidal-Casariego A, Burgos-Pelaez R, Martinez-Faedo C, et al. Metabolic effects of L-carnitine on type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013; 121(4): 234-8.
[16]
Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Avitabile T, Malaguarnera M, Cammalleri L, Motta M. L-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(1): 71-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26251] [PMID: 19056606]
[17]
González-Ortiz M, Hernández-González SO, Hernández-Salazar E, Martínez-Abundis E. Effect of oral L-carnitine administration on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Ann Nutr Metab 2008; 52(4): 335-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000151488] [PMID: 18714152]
[18]
Cicero AFG, Colletti A, Bajraktari G, et al. Lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Nutr Rev 2017; 75(9): 731-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux047] [PMID: 28938795]
[19]
Galvano F, Li Volti G, Malaguarnera M, et al. Effects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10(12): 1875-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656560903081745] [PMID: 19618992]
[20]
Tenenbaum A, Klempfner R, Fisman EZ. Hypertriglyceridemia: a too long unfairly neglected major cardiovascular risk factor. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13: 159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-014-0159-y] [PMID: 25471221]
[21]
Fruchart JC, Sacks FM, Hermans MP, et al. The residual risk reduction initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patient. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008; 5: 319-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3132/dvdr.2008.046]
[22]
Ferrari R, Aguiar C, Alegria E, et al. Current practice in identifying and treating cardiovascular risk, with a focus on residual risk associated with atherogenic dyslipidaemia. J European Soc Cardiology 2016; 18: C2-C12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suw009]
[23]
Chang B, Nishikawa M, Nishiguchi S, Inoue M. L-carnitine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis via protection of mitochondria. Int J Cancer 2005; 113(5): 719-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20636] [PMID: 15499623]
[24]
Rahbar AR, Shakerhosseini R, Saadat N, Taleban F, Pordal A, Gollestan B. Effect of L-carnitine on plasma glycemic and lipidemic profile in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59(4): 592-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602109] [PMID: 15741989]
[25]
Mitwalli AH, Al-Wakeel JS, Alam A, et al. L-carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2005; 16(1): 17-22.
[PMID: 18209454]
[26]
Rathod R, Baig MS, Khandelwal PN, Kulkarni SG, Gade PR, Siddiqui S. Results of a single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to study the effect of intravenous L-carnitine supplementation on health-related quality of life in Indian patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Indian J Med Sci 2006; 60(4): 143-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5359.24678] [PMID: 16679630]
[27]
Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, Colacicco AM, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2006; 188(2): 455-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.024] [PMID: 16384561]
[28]
McMackin CJ, Widlansky ME, Hamburg NM, et al. Effect of combined treatment with α-Lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine on vascular function and blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Hypertens 2007; 9(4): 249-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.06052.x] [PMID: 17396066]
[29]
Golper TA, Wolfson M, Ahmad S, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. I. Carnitine concentrations and lipid effects. Kidney Int 1990; 38(5): 904-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.1990.289] [PMID: 2266674]
[30]
Wanner C, Wieland H, Nauck M, Schaeffer G, Schollmeyer P, Hörl WH. Effective hypolipidaemic therapy with beclobrate in haemodialysis patients: interference with L-carnitine. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990; 5(8): 588-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/5.8.588] [PMID: 23275992]
[31]
Labonia WD. L-carnitine effects on anemia in hemodialyzed patients treated with erythropoietin. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 26(5): 757-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-6386(95)90439-5] [PMID: 7485128]
[32]
Liang Y, Li Y, Shan J, Yu B, Ho Z. The effects of oral L-carnitine treatment on blood lipid metabolism and the body fat content in the diabetic patient. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 1998; 7(2): 192-5.
[PMID: 24393648]
[33]
Veselá E, Racek J, Trefil L, Jankovy’ch V, Pojer M. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 2001; 88(3): 218-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000045993] [PMID: 11423752]
[34]
Brescia F, Balestra E, Iasella MG, Damato AB. Effects of combined treatment with simvastatin and L-carnitine on triglyceride levels in diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemia. Clin Drug Investig 2002; 22(Suppl. 1): 23-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200222001-00004] [PMID: 23315432]
[35]
Malaguarnera M, Maugeri D, Saraceno B, et al. Effects of carnitine on biochemical responses in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-α. Clin Drug Investig 2002; 22: 443-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200222070-00004]
[36]
Pistone G, Marino A, Leotta C, Dell’Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Malaguarnera M. Levocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigue. Drugs Aging 2003; 20(10): 761-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200320100-00004] [PMID: 12875611]
[37]
Derosa G, Cicero AF, Gaddi A, Mugellini A, Ciccarelli L, Fogari R. The effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein (a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2003; 25(5): 1429-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80130-3] [PMID: 12867219]
[38]
Vaux EC, Taylor DJ, Altmann P, et al. Effects of carnitine supplementation on muscle metabolism by the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy in end-stage renal disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2004; 97(2): c41-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000078399] [PMID: 15218329]
[39]
Duranay M, Akay H, Yilmaz FM, Şeneş M, Tekeli N, Yücel D. Effects of L-carnitine infusions on inflammatory and nutritional markers in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21(11): 3211-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfl356] [PMID: 16861734]
[40]
Santo SS, Sergio N, Luigi DP, et al. Effect of PLC on functional parameters and oxidative profile in type 2 diabetes-associated PAD. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 72(3): 231-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.007] [PMID: 16446007]
[41]
Steiber AL, Davis AT, Spry L, et al. Carnitine treatment improved quality-of-life measure in a sample of Midwestern hemodialysis patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006; 30(1): 10-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014860710603000110] [PMID: 16387893]
[42]
Yonei Y, Takahashi Y, Watanabe M, Yoshioka T. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) of L-carnitine and conjugated linoleic acid-based health food with health claims. Anti-Aging Medicine 2007; 4: 19-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3793/jaam.4.19]
[43]
Lee JK, Lee JS, Park H, Cha YS, Yoon CS, Kim CK. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation and aerobic training on FABPc content and beta-HAD activity in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99(2): 193-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0333-3] [PMID: 17089153]
[44]
Malaguarnera M, Cammalleri L, Gargante MP, Vacante M, Colonna V, Motta M. L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(6): 1738-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.6.1738] [PMID: 18065594]
[45]
Morano S, Mandosi E, Fallarino M, et al. Antioxidant treatment associated with sildenafil reduces monocyte activation and markers of endothelial damage in patients with diabetic erectile dysfunction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Urol 2007; 52(6): 1768-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.042] [PMID: 17478034]
[46]
Romano M, Vacante M, Cristaldi E, et al. L-carnitine treatment reduces steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with α-interferon and ribavirin. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53(4): 1114-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-007-9983-1] [PMID: 17939042]
[47]
Yonei Y, Takahashi Y, Hibino S, Watanabe M, Yoshioka T. Effects on the human body of a dietary supplement containing L-Carnitine and Garcinia cambogia extract: A study using double-blind tests. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008; 42(2): 89-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2008014] [PMID: 18385825]
[48]
Bloomer RJ, Tschume LC, Smith WA. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2009; 79: 131-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.79.3.131]
[49]
Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Motta M, Malaguarnera M, Li Volti G, Galvano F. Effect of L-carnitine on the size of low-density lipoprotein particles in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with simvastatin. Metabolism 2009; 58(11): 1618-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.014] [PMID: 19604523]
[50]
Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman KH, Tucker PS. Effect of oral acetyl L-carnitine arginate on resting and postprandial blood biomarkers in pre-diabetics. Nutr Metab 2009; 6: 25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-6-25] [PMID: 19490608]
[51]
Derosa G, Maffioli P, Ferrari I, et al. Orlistat and L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients. Endocr J 2010; 57(9): 777-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.K10E-049] [PMID: 20683173]
[52]
Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Russo C, et al. L-carnitine supplementation to diet: A new tool in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis--a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(6): 1338-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.719] [PMID: 20068559]
[53]
Derosa G, Maffioli P, Salvadeo SA, et al. Sibutramine and L-carnitine compared to sibutramine alone on insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Intern Med 2010; 49(16): 1717-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3401] [PMID: 20720348]
[54]
Suchitra MM, Ashalatha VL, Sailaja E, et al. The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid parameters, inflammatory and nutritional markers in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis and Transpl 2011; 22: 1155-9.
[55]
Alshammari NM. The effect of L-carnitine and physical activity on adipocytokines and lipid profile in obese women. World J Sport Sci 2011; 4: 21â.
[56]
Shojaei M, Djalali M, Khatami M, Siassi F, Eshraghian M. Effects of carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on lipid profile and serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in maintenance hemodialysis patients on statin therapy. Iran J Kidney Dis 2011; 5(2): 114-8.
[PMID: 21368390]
[57]
Radler U, Stangl H, Lechner S, et al. A combination of (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and L-carnitine reduces the plasma lipid levels and increases the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and HepG2 cells. Ann Nutr Metab 2011; 58(2): 133-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000327150] [PMID: 21540583]
[58]
Mortazavi M, Asgari S, Ghassami M, et al. The effect of oral L-carnitine on serum albumin and inflammatory markers levels in patients under peritoneal dialysis: A randomized controlled trial. J Isfahan Med Sch 2011; 29(138): 546-54.
[59]
Naini AE, Sadeghi M, Mortazavi M, Moghadasi M, Harandi AA. Oral carnitine supplementation for dyslipidemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2012; 23: 484-8.
[60]
Hlais S, Reslan DR, Sarieddine HK, et al. Effect of lysine, vitamin B(6), and carnitine supplementation on the lipid profile of male patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a 12-week, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther 2012; 34(8): 1674-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.06.019] [PMID: 22818869]
[61]
Karl M, Rubenstein M, Rudnick C, Brejda J. A multicenter study of nutraceutical drinks for cholesterol (evaluating effectiveness and tolerability). J Clin Lipidol 2012; 6(2): 150-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2011.09.004] [PMID: 22385548]
[62]
Mortazavi M, Seirafian S, Eshaghian A, et al. Association of oral L-Carnitine with hemoglobin, lipid profile, and albumin in haemodialysis patients. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17: 1.
[63]
Emami Naini A, Moradi M, Mortazavi M, et al. Effects of oral L-Carnitine supplementation on lipid profile, anemia, and quality of life in chronic renal disease patients under hemodialysis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012510483
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/510483] [PMID: 22720143]
[64]
Karimi M, Rafraf M, Rashidi M, Jafari A. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation with or without moderate aerobic training on serum lipid profile and body fat percentage in obese women. Iran J Endocrinol Metabol 2013; 14(5): 445-54.
[65]
Fukami K, Yamagishi S, Sakai K, et al. Potential inhibitory effects of L-carnitine supplementation on tissue advanced glycation end products in patients with hemodialysis. Rejuvenation Res 2013; 16(6): 460-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2013.1459] [PMID: 23909402]
[66]
Bonomini M, Di Liberato L, Del Rosso G, et al. Effect of an L-carnitine-containing peritoneal dialysate on insulin sensitivity in patients treated with CAPD: a 4-month, prospective, multicenter randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62(5): 929-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.04.007] [PMID: 23725973]
[67]
Hong ES, Kim EK, Kang SM, et al. Effect of carnitine-orotate complex on glucose metabolism and fatty liver: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29(7): 1449-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12536] [PMID: 24611967]
[68]
Soare A, Weiss EP, Holloszy JO, Fontana L. Multiple dietary supplements do not affect metabolic and cardio-vascular health. Aging 2014; 6(2): 149-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.100597] [PMID: 24659610]
[69]
Alipoor B, Barzegar A, Panahi F, Safaeian A, Eshaghi M. Effect of L-Carnitine supplementation on metabolic status in obese diabetic women with hypocaloric diet. Health Scope 2014; 3(1) e14615
[70]
Kudoh Y, Aoyama S, Torii T, et al. The effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on physical capacity and lipid metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephron Extra 2014; 4(1): 33-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360086] [PMID: 24803919]
[71]
Bañuls C, Rovira-Llopis S, Monzó N, et al. The consumption of a bread enriched with dietary fibre and l-carnitine improves glucose homoeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Cereal Sci 2015; 64: 159-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2015.05.008]
[72]
Bae JC, Lee WY, Yoon KH, et al. Improvement of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with Carnitine-Orotate complex in type 2 diabetes (CORONA): A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2015; 38(7): 1245-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2852] [PMID: 25877813]
[73]
Mosah H, Khazaal F, Sabih H. Effect of L-carnitine and raspberry ketones on metabolic parameters in Iraqi obese females, a comparative study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015; 31: 63-8.
[74]
Samimi M, Jamilian M, Ebrahimi FA, Rahimi M, Tajbakhsh B, Asemi Z. Oral carnitine supplementation reduces body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 84(6): 851-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.13003] [PMID: 26666519]
[75]
Shirali S, Hosseini SA, Ashtary-Larky D, Daneghian M, Mirlohi M-S. Effect of caffeine co-ingested with carnitine on weight, body-fat percent, serum leptin and lipid profile changes in male teen soccer players: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Pediatr 2016; 4: 3685-98.
[76]
Alavinejad P, Zakerkish M, Hajiani E, Hashemi SJ, Chobineh M, Moghaddam EK. Evaluation of L-Carnitine efficacy in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among diabetic patients: A randomized double blind pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol Res 2016; 5: 2191-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17554/j.issn.2224-3992.2016.05.662]
[77]
An JH, Kim YJ, Kim KJ, et al. L-carnitine supplementation for the management of fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Endocr J 2016; 63(10): 885-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ16-0109] [PMID: 27432821]
[78]
Florentin M, Elisaf MS, Rizos CV, et al. L-Carnitine/Simvastatin reduces lipoprotein (a) levels compared with simvastatin monotherapy: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Lipids 2017; 52(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-016-4216-z] [PMID: 27914033]
[79]
Sharifi MH, Eftekhari MH, Ostovan MA, Rezaianazadeh A. Effects of therapeutic lifestyle change diet and Q10 Plus L-Carnitine supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers of in-stent restenosis, lipid profile, and left ventricular ejection fraction in myocardial infarction: A randomized clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2017; 19(4)e44868
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.44868]
[80]
Parvanova A, Trillini M, Podestà MA, et al. Blood pressure and metabolic effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in type 2 diabetes: DIABASI randomized controlled trial. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2(5): 420-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/js.2017-00426] [PMID: 29696241]
[81]
Samulak JJ, Sawicka AK, Hartmane D, et al. L-Carnitine supplementation increases Trimethylamine-N-Oxide but not markers of atherosclerosis in healthy aged women. Ann Nutr Metab 2019; 74(1): 11-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495037] [PMID: 30485835]
[82]
El Sharkwy I, Sharaf El-Din M. l-Carnitine plus metformin in clomiphene-resistant obese PCOS women, reproductive and metabolic effects: a randomized clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35: 701-5.
[83]
Jamilian M, Foroozanfard F, Kavossian E, et al. Effects of chromium and carnitine co-supplementation on body weight and metabolic profiles in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01720-8] [PMID: 30977089]
[84]
El-Sheikh HM, El-Haggar SM, Elbedewy TA. Comparative study to evaluate the effect of l-carnitine plus glimepiride versus glimepiride alone on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13(1): 167-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.035] [PMID: 30641691]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
76
5
1
1
World Health Day
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy